{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T19:35:05Z","timestamp":1780515305567,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEEC\/CBIOS\/EPH\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC\/CBIOS\/EPH\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04567\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04567\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physiological perfusion asymmetries in the lower limb are known, although poorly understood, as are asymmetries reported in plantar pressure and stance. This preliminary study aims to explore potential relationships between perfusion and pressure variables in humans. A convenience sample of eight healthy individuals (25.25 \u00b1 5.37 years old) of both sexes, was selected. Chosen variables were perfusion, plantar pressure, and stance. Perfusion was measured in both feet by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and polarized light spectroscopy (PSp), and plantar pressure and stance obtained by a pressure plate. These were measured in baseline (Phase I) in a repeated squatting (Phase II), and in recovery (Phase III). A 95% confidence interval was adopted. Intraindividual significant perfusion asymmetries between both feet were detected by LDF in Phase I. These disappeared in Phase II and returned in Phase III. PSp did not detect any asymmetries. Plantar pressure was also asymmetric and differently distributed along both feet with no statistical significance except in the hindfoot. Significant correlations were found between BMI and mean Plantar Pressure in Phase I and Phase III, and an inverse correlation between LDF perfusion and Plantar Pressure in Phase I. These results seem to suggest an interesting direction for exploration and study of these asymmetries in the absence of disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14030441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:53:26Z","timestamp":1645664006000},"page":"441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Perfusion, Stance and Plantar Pressure Asymmetries on the Human Foot in the Absence of Disease\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0198-7671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Monteiro","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio Loureiro","family":"Nuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"PhD Program Health Sciences, Universitad de Alcala, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o de Deus\u2014CTD, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ESTeSL Lisboa, Polytechnical Institute, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8137-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Granja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2466-6942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida Esteves","family":"Florindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"PhD Program Health Sciences, Universitad de Alcala, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"},{"name":"ESSCVP\u2014Department of Physiotherapy, The Portuguese Red Cross Health School, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Greg\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\u2014Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9047-268X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Atalaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESSCVP\u2014Department of Physiotherapy, The Portuguese Red Cross Health School, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"MovLab, CICANT-Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"517","article-title":"Claudication Intermittent des Membres Posterieurs, determinee par L\u2019obliteration des Arteres Femorales","volume":"8","author":"Bouley","year":"1831","journal-title":"Rec. Med. Vet. Ec. Alfort."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"133","article-title":"Perfusion pressure dynamics in lower extremities at rest and after exercise","volume":"28","author":"Zusmanovich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fiziol. Cheloveka"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.131.5.827","article-title":"A new noninvasive approach to peripheral vascular disease: Thallium-201 leg scans","volume":"131","author":"Siegel","year":"1978","journal-title":"AJR"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.137.2.373","article-title":"Detecting and localizing peripheral arterial disease: Assessment of 201Tl scintigraphy","volume":"137","author":"Seder","year":"1981","journal-title":"AJR"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39217.473275.55","article-title":"Duplex ultrasonography, magnetic resonance angiography, and computed tomography angiography for diagnosis and assessment of symptomatic, lower limb peripheral arterial disease: Systematic review","volume":"334","author":"Collins","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.1996.tb01015.x","article-title":"Pulsatile blood flow asymmetry in paired human legs","volume":"16","author":"Mayrovitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"PC013","article-title":"Influence of posture on the foot perfusion in the upright position","volume":"48","author":"Nuno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. 2021 Proc. Physiol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"OC04","article-title":"Insights into human healthy","volume":"48","author":"Florindo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. 2021 Proc. Physiol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Rocha, C., Silva, H., Ferreira, H., and Rodrigues, L.M. (2021, December 21). Evidence of a Physiological Perfusion Balance Between Human Limb Pairs. Europhysiology 2018. Abstract Book 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.europhysiology2018.org\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/Europhysiology%202018_ABSTRACTS_ONLINE.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00437.2019","article-title":"Lower limb massage in humans increases local perfusion and impacts systemic hemodynamics","volume":"128","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"31","article-title":"Perfusion is sex related but response to massage evokes the same hemodynamic adaptation in both sexes\u2014Results from an exploratory factor analysis. Proceed Physioma 2019\u20141st Int Meeting Portuguese Physiological Society","volume":"16","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Biopharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, L.M., Rocha, C.G., Florindo, M.E., and Greg\u00f3rio, J. (2021). Lower Limb Perfusion Asymmetries in Humans at Rest and Following Activity\u2014A Collective View. Symmetry, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13122348"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ddf690","article-title":"Predicting Asymmetrical Lower Extremity Strength Deficits in College-Aged Men and Women Using Common Horizontal and Vertical Power Field Tests: A Possible Screening Mechanism","volume":"25","author":"Keeley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000264","article-title":"Asymmetries of the Lower Limb: The Calculation Conundrum in Strength Training and Conditioning","volume":"38","author":"Bishop","year":"2016","journal-title":"Strength Cond. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2010.10.004","article-title":"Differences in muscle strength in dominant and non-dominant leg in females aged 20\u201339 years\u2014A population-based study","volume":"12","author":"Lanshammar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4274\/mirt.73792","article-title":"Tissue-Muscle Perfusion Scintigraphy of the Lower Limbs in a Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Arterial Disease","volume":"25","author":"Manevska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Radionucl. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000367","article-title":"Lean mass asymmetry influences force and power asymmetry during jumping in collegiate athletes","volume":"28","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/15438620701405313","article-title":"Do bilateral power deficits influence direction-specific movement patterns?","volume":"15","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002608","article-title":"The Relationship Between Asymmetry and Athletic Performance: A Critical Review","volume":"33","author":"Maloney","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"39","article-title":"The Influence of Exercise-Induced Fatigue on Inter-Limb Asymmetries: A Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Heil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/1708538119868411","article-title":"Heterogeneity in the vasodilatory function of individual extremities","volume":"28","author":"Kadoguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vascular"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2019.07.016","article-title":"Characterization of lower limb muscle activation patterns during walking and running with Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) MR perfusion imaging","volume":"63","author":"Jungmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20392","DOI":"10.3390\/s150820392","article-title":"Identification of Foot Pathologies Based on Plantar Pressure Asymmetry","volume":"15","author":"Wafai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.09.002","article-title":"Clinical determinants of plantar forces and pressures during walking in older people","volume":"24","author":"Menz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"5","article-title":"Evaluation of Plantar Foot Sensation, Balance, Physical Performance, and Fear of Movement in Substance Use Disorders","volume":"110","author":"Sayaca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiat. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.08.013","article-title":"The trajectory of the centre of pressure during barefoot running as a potential measure for foot function","volume":"27","author":"Vanrenterghem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"179","article-title":"Impact of the isometric contraction of the calf on the local microcirculation","volume":"14","author":"Florindo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Biopharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studying the impact of different body positioning, squatting, and unipodal flexion on perfusion in the lower limb\u2014An exploratory approach complemented with optical spectroscopy (TiVi)","volume":"17","author":"Nuno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Biopharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000517906","article-title":"Lower limb dynamic activity significantly reduces foot skin perfusion\u2014Exploring data with different optical sensors in age-grouped healthy adults","volume":"35","author":"Florindo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e318276fbcb","article-title":"Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"126","author":"Aboyans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310, 2191\u20132194.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"37","article-title":"About the in vivo discriminatory capacity of photoplethysmography versus laser Doppler flowmetry","volume":"14","author":"Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Biopharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.01.009","article-title":"Women and Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Review of Sex Differences in Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Outcomes","volume":"34","author":"Srivaratharajah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2017.0430","article-title":"Age-related Impairment of Vascular Structure and Functions","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25650-0_7","article-title":"Dietary Restriction, Cardiovascular Aging and Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review of the Evidence","volume":"1178","author":"Abiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"139","article-title":"Blood flow measurements at different depths using photoplethysmography and laser Doppler techniques","volume":"15","author":"Bergstrand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ski. Res. Technol. ISBS ISDIS ISSI"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1980.326582","article-title":"Evaluation of a laser Doppler flowmeter for measurement of tissue blood flow","volume":"27","author":"Nilsson","year":"1980","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vo-Dinh, I.T. (2003). Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring and imaging. Biomedical Photonics Handbook, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203008997"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53213-2","article-title":"Different lasers reveal different skin microcirculatory flowmotion\u2014Data from the wavelet transform analysis of human hindlimb perfusion","volume":"9","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2007.00253.x","article-title":"Sub-epidermal imaging using polarized light spectroscopy for assessment of skin microcirculation","volume":"13","author":"Henricson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1258\/phleb.2007.007027","article-title":"Mechanisms of varicose vein formation: Valve dysfunction and wall dilation","volume":"23","author":"Raffetto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.02.016","article-title":"Lower limb blood flow and mean arterial pressure during standing and seated work: Implications for workplace posture recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Antle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2021.17.11","article-title":"The Impact of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) on Lower Limb Kinematics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Thorne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Diabet. Stud. RDS"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2015.02.0027","article-title":"Gait kinematics and kinetics are affected more by peripheral arterial disease than by age","volume":"53","author":"Myers","year":"2016","journal-title":"JRRD J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.6.1.26","article-title":"Dynamic foot pressure and other studies as diagnostic and management aids in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"6","author":"Boulton","year":"1983","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/3\/441\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:25:48Z","timestamp":1760135148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/3\/441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14030441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14030441","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]}}}