{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:56:12Z","timestamp":1760151372747,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1F1A1069079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1069079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Program of University for Innovation and Transformation","award":["2021University for Innovation-024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021University for Innovation-024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To demonstrate that the near-point-of-convergence (npc) examination is performed subjectively, the visual fixation and four-prism diopter (\u0394) base-out (BO) examinations can be conducted with a kiosk-type objective examination method based on gaze tracking, and can be compared with the existing method. Objective examination equipment was used to verify effectiveness. Fifteen adult men and women in their 20s and 30s (26.87 \u00b1 3.31 years) with visual acuity of 0.8 (logMAR: 0.1, Snellen: 20\/25(6\/7.5)) or higher (corrected vision in the case of ametropia) underwent the npc, visual fixation, and 4 \u0394 BO examinations based on the existing examination method followed by the gaze-tracking-based kiosk-type examination method. Three examinations were performed, and a comparative analysis was conducted. The gaze tracking method used a method of extracting eye feature points, and it was judged that the ocular moved when the movement of 30 eye feature points at the edge of the iris was detected. In the comparison between the existing method and the kiosk-type method, there were no statistically significant differences in npc, visual fixation, and 4 \u0394 BO examinations. Npc examinations were performed extensively by the existing subjective method, however, it seems that these can be conducted objectively using the kiosk-type method. Visual fixation and 4 \u0394 BO examinations require high-examination proficiency because finely moving ocular movements need to be observed, but it is judged that examinations can be performed more easily and accurately when combined with the kiosk-type method. The symmetrical characteristics between the two test results are expected to serve as a basis for using the kiosk-type examination method in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14030499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T20:11:57Z","timestamp":1646079117000},"page":"499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Implementation of Kiosk-Type System Based on Gaze Tracking for Objective Visual Function Examination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jungho","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immersive Content Device Technology Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]},{"given":"Youngkeun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4113-5118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingenium College, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6699-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Robotics Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Bucheon 14502, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6595-6415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soonchul","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Smart Convergence, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jerald, J. 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