{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T21:47:19Z","timestamp":1769550439913,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A considerable amount of ambient vibration energy spreads over an ultra-low frequency spectrum. However, conventional resonant-type linear energy harvesters usually operate within high and narrow frequency bands, which cannot match the frequencies of many vibration sources. If the excitation frequency deviates a bit from the natural frequency of an energy harvester, the energy harvesting performance will deteriorate drastically. Because of the ultra-low frequency characteristic, it is challenging to reliably harvest energy from the ambient vibrations. To address this mismatching issue, the ultra-low frequency ambient vibrations are converted into high-frequency oscillations using certain mechanical mechanisms, which are termed frequency up-conversion techniques. This paper reviews the existing approaches that can realize frequency up-conversion for enhancing energy harvesting from low-frequency vibration sources. According to their working mechanisms, the existing methods are classified into three categories: impact-based, plucking-based, and snap-through-based approaches. The working principles of the three approaches are explained in detail. Representative designs from all categories are reviewed. This overview on the state-of-the-art frequency up-conversion technology would guide the better design of future kinetic energy harvesting systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14030631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T21:48:42Z","timestamp":1647899322000},"page":"631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Frequency Up-Conversion for Vibration Energy Harvesting: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7484-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China"},{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Guobiao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1602-7406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenkun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Junlei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7856-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaowen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Junrui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zachariah, T., Adkins, J., and Dutta, P. 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