{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T05:40:23Z","timestamp":1768714823125,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we offer a laboratory facility for in situ visualization of the combustion of ultrafine metal powders, which combines laser initiation and simultaneous high-speed recording of images of the flame of a burning material and a surface covered by a flame. Visualization of the surface through the flame is realized using a laser monitor\u2014an optical projection system with brightness amplification. The proposed imaging system makes it possible to get more detailed information about the combustion process, in particular, to study the change in the surface through the flame in the area of laser initiation, and the propagation of heating and combustion waves over the sample, as well as to study the change in the surface reflectance during combustion. To study the area of laser initiation, it is proposed to simultaneously record images of a laser monitor with two cameras. The symmetry of the combustion wave front propagation and the combustion products\u2019 formation during laser initiation of the nanoAl + Fe3O4 thermite mixture was demonstrated. The nature of propagation in the form of a ring is a consequence of the symmetry of the properties of the system under study, at the micro and macro levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14040656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T23:31:43Z","timestamp":1648164703000},"page":"656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Synchronized Two-Camera Laser Monitor for Studying Combusting Powder Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9313-6174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao 125105, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7499-6109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fedor","family":"Gubarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6401-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Mostovshchikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Electronic Technique, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zarko, V.E., and Gromov, A.A. 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