{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:00:27Z","timestamp":1780502427340,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006261","name":"Taif University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TURSP-2020\/347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP-2020\/347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A population explosion has resulted in garbage generation on a large scale. The process of proper and automatic garbage collection is a challenging and tedious task for developing countries. This paper proposes a deep learning-based intelligent garbage detection system using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The main aim of this paper is to provide a low-cost, accurate and easy-to-use solution for handling the garbage effectively. It also helps municipal corporations to detect the garbage areas in remote locations automatically. This automation was derived using two Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models and images of solid waste were captured by the drone. Both models were trained on the collected image dataset at different learning rates, optimizers and epochs. This research uses symmetry during the sampling of garbage images. Homogeneity regarding resizing of images is generated due to the application of symmetry to extract their characteristics. The performance of two CNN models was evaluated with the state-of-the-art models using different performance evaluation metrics such as precision, recall, F1-score, and accuracy. The CNN1 model achieved better performance for automatic solid waste detection with 94% accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14050960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T23:27:25Z","timestamp":1652052445000},"page":"960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["A Deep Learning-Based Intelligent Garbage Detection System Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Vishal","family":"Verma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3207-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepali","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheifali","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudita","family":"Uppal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4915-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divya","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar 144411, Punjab, India"},{"name":"Higher Polytechnic School, Universidad Europea del Atl\u00e1ntico, C\/Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3692-2416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Ortega-Mansilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Polytechnic School, Universidad Europea del Atl\u00e1ntico, C\/Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Project Management, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche 24560, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2166-8168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahd S.","family":"Alharithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasem","family":"Almotiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. 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