{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:25:58Z","timestamp":1760228758979,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The aim of our cross-sectional study is to determine whether there is a link between sex, skeletal class and mandibular asymmetry in orthodontic patients, with tooth length and asymmetry in tooth length on contralateral sides of the mandible. Methods: As the source for relevant data to answer this question, 3D cone-beam tomography (CBCT) images of a total of 95 future orthodontic patients were retrospectively selected from private practice records and were analyzed. The CBCT images were part of routine orthodontic diagnosis. Patients were divided into three groups (Class I, Class III with asymmetry and Class III without asymmetry) based on skeletal variables assessed on orthodontic cephalometric images and frontal photos of the face. Three null hypotheses were developed, and a series of statistical tests was performed in order to support or reject them. Results: We have established that there exists a sexual dimorphism in some of the teeth\u2019s lengths in our sample. Furthermore, we failed to find a link between mandibular asymmetry and asymmetry in tooth length. We have also found a link between skeletal class and tooth length differences in some of the analyzed measurements. Conclusions: Computational models used to design orthodontic appliances and to plan orthodontic treatment should be more individualized to consider a patient\u2019s sex and skeletal class.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14051069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T05:12:27Z","timestamp":1653455547000},"page":"1069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Does Sex, Skeletal Class and Mandibular Asymmetry Affect Tooth Length and Asymmetry in Tooth Length?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4329-4283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Warnecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Niemodli\u0144ska 63, 45-864 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9237-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"\u017bak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3934-2142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Szkoda-Poliszuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Kawala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Clinic of Integrated Dentistry, Academic Policlinic of Stomatology, 50-425 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2518-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Sarul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Integrated Dentistry, Academic Policlinic of Stomatology, 50-425 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Integrated Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.2319\/120420-982.1","article-title":"Effectiveness of an anterior mini-screw in achieving incisor intrusion and palatal root torque for anterior retraction with clear aligners: A finite element study","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"5557483","article-title":"Effects of Variable Composite Attachment Shapes in Controlling Upper Molar Distalization with Aligners: A Nonlinear Finite Element Study","volume":"2021","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075097","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1075097","article-title":"Effects of attachment of plastic aligner in closing of diastema of maxillary dentition by finite element method","volume":"2019","author":"Yokoi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2839","article-title":"Computational design and engineering of polymeric orthodontic aligners","volume":"33","author":"Barone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Method. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossini, G., Schiaffino, M., Parrini, S., Sedran, A., Deregibus, A., and Castroflorio, T. (2020). Upper Second Molar Distalization with Clear Aligners: A Finite Element Study. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10217739"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., and Li, S. (2021). The optimal orthodontic displacement of clear aligner for mild. moderate and severe periodontal conditions: An in vitro study in a periodontally compromised individual using the finite element model. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01474-7"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2319\/020719-86.1","article-title":"Clear aligner orthodontic therapy of rotated mandibular round-shaped teeth: A finite element study","volume":"90","author":"Cortona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.03.039","article-title":"Torque control of the maxillary incisors in lingual and labial orthodontics: A 3-dimensional finite element analysis","volume":"135","author":"Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthoped."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"24","article-title":"A three-dimensional finite element analysis of upper-canine distalization with clear aligners, composite attachments, and class II elastics","volume":"51","author":"Comba","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2319\/050714-330.1","article-title":"Initial force systems during bodily tooth movement with plastic aligners and composite attachments\u2014A three-dimensional finite element analysis","volume":"85","author":"Gomez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67273-2","article-title":"Clear aligners for maxillary anterior en masse retraction: A 3D finite element study","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2012.42.4.159","article-title":"Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the deformation of the human mandible: A preliminary study from the perspective of orthodontic mini-implant stability","volume":"42","author":"Baek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean, J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508400506","article-title":"The finite element method: A tool to study orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"84","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, K., Kim, W.-H., Eghan-Acquah, E., Lee, J.-H., Lee, B.-K., and Kim, B. (2021). Efficient Design of a Clear Aligner Attachment to Induce Bodily Tooth Movement in Orthodontic Treatment Using Finite Element Analysis. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14174926"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, W.-H., Hong, K., Lim, D., Lee, J.-H., Jung, Y.J., and Kim, B. (2020). Optimal Position of Attachment for Removable Thermoplastic Aligner on the Lower Canine Using Finite Element Analysis. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13153369"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, J.-H., Eghan-Acquah, E., Kim, M.-S., Lee, J.-H., Jeong, Y.-H., Jung, T.-G., Hong, M., Kim, W.-H., Kim, B., and Lee, S.-J. (2021). Comparative Analysis of Stress in the Periodontal Ligament and Center of Rotation in the Tooth after Orthodontic Treatment Depending on Clear Aligner Thickness\u2014Finite Element Analysis Study. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14020324"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Ant\u00f2, V., Bucci, R., De Simone, V., Ghislanzoni, L.H., Michelotti, A., and Rongo, R. (2022). Evaluation of Tooth Movement Accuracy with Aligners: A Prospective Study. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15072646"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9416(72)90268-0","article-title":"The six keys to normal occlusion","volume":"6","author":"Andrews","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthoped."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(80)90105-0","article-title":"Holographic determination of centers of rotation produced by orthodontic forces","volume":"77","author":"Burstone","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthoped."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02747","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2747","article-title":"CT segmentation of dental shapes by anatomy-driven reformation imaging and B-spline modelling","volume":"32","author":"Barone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Method. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(75)90065-2","article-title":"The \u201cWits\u201d appraisal of jaw disharmony","volume":"67","author":"Jacobson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthoped."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Segner, D., and Hasund, A. (1994). Individualisierte Kephalometrie, Sietmar Segner Verlag. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1499","article-title":"MSX1 gene in the etiology of orofacial deformities","volume":"69","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2008.00699.x","article-title":"Dental agenesis: Genetic and clinical perpectives","volume":"38","author":"Marks","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oral. Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gershater, E., Li, C., Ha, P., Chung, C.H., Tanna, N., Zou, M., and Zheng, Z. (2021). Genes and Pathways Associated with Skeletal Sagittal Malocclusions: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313037"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/5\/1069\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:16:45Z","timestamp":1760138205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/5\/1069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14051069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14051069","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]}}}