{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T15:45:45Z","timestamp":1781279145330,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFB1804500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFB1804500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z191100001119113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z191100001119113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Beijing Nova Program of Science and Technology","award":["2019YFB1804500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFB1804500"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Nova Program of Science and Technology","award":["Z191100001119113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z191100001119113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Raft is a fast, scalable, understandable consensus algorithm widely used in distributed systems. The Leader handles client requests and interacts with other servers to reach a consensus, so a stable, reliable, and powerful Leader is crucial for the cluster. We designed a policy-based voting mechanism to make the elected Leader as reliable as possible. In order to improve the asymmetric relationship between the Followers and Leader, we designed a mechanism to trigger a new round of the election actively so that the Leader node can actively transform into a Follower under certain conditions and enhance the symmetry between servers. Our proposed Raft-PLUS algorithm makes the elected Leader as reliable as possible through four election policies and designed three opposition policies to trigger a new round of the election. To verify the effectiveness of the Raft-PLUS algorithm, we configure different election and opposition policies on 12 servers to simulate the election and opposition process of the Leader and explain the process. To demonstrate the advantages of the Raft-PLUS algorithm, we built key-value stores based on Raft and Raft-PLUS, and we tested the performance of Raft-PLUS and the Raft algorithm in normal and abnormal states. Experimental results show that the Raft-PLUS algorithm has similar write throughput to the Raft algorithm under normal conditions. Regarding the quality of the Leader network changes, the average write throughput of the Raft-PLUS algorithm is 40% higher than that of the Raft algorithm. The Leader\u2019s CPU usage fluctuated; the average write throughput of Raft-PLUS was 38% higher than Raft.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14061122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1653964206000},"page":"1122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Raft-PLUS: Improving Raft by Multi-Policy Based Leader Election with Unprejudiced Sorting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3328-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinjie","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Internet Network Information Center, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Internet Network Information Center, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongtao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Internet Network Information Center, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nakamoto, S. (2022, April 10). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Available online: https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain Technology Overview","volume":"8202","author":"Dylan","year":"2018","journal-title":"NIST Interag.\/Intern. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1145\/356725.356729","article-title":"Reliability issues in computing system design","volume":"10","author":"Randell","year":"1978","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2019.08.001","article-title":"Analysis of the main consensus protocols of blockchain","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Du, M., Ma, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., and Chen, Q. (2017, January 5\u20138). A review on consensus algorithm of blockchain. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), Banff, AB, Canada."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Jakobsson, M., and Juels, A. (2008). Proofs of Work and Bread Pudding Protocols. Secure Information Networks, Springer."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhaa075","article-title":"Blockchain without waste: Proof-of-stake","volume":"34","author":"Saleh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Financ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"173","article-title":"Practical byzantine fault tolerance","volume":"Volume 99","author":"Castro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc OSDI"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1145\/359545.359563","article-title":"Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system","volume":"21","author":"Lamport","year":"1978","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ongaro, D., and Ousterhout, J. (2014, January 19\u201320). In search of an understandable consensus algorithm. Proceedings of the 2014 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (Usenix ATC 14), Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"51","article-title":"Paxos made simple","volume":"32","author":"Lamport","year":"2001","journal-title":"ACM SIGACT News"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meling, H., and Jehl, L. (2013). Tutorial summary: Paxos explained from scratch. International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03850-6_1"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Etcd-io (2022, April 10). etcd. Available online: https:\/\/etcd.io\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"TiKV-Authors (2022, April 10). TiKV. Available online: https:\/\/tikv.org\/."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Hyperledger Fabric Authors (2022, April 10). Hyperledger Faric. Available online: https:\/\/www.hyperledger.org\/use\/fabric."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e2ris, J.F., and Long, D.D.E. (2015, January 14\u201316). Pirogue, a lighter dynamic version of the Raft distributed consensus algorithm. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 34th International Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PCCC.2015.7410281"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8137","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-021-05427-8","article-title":"An improved blockchain consensus algorithm based on raft","volume":"46","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Li, S., Xu, L., and Xu, L. (2021). Improved Raft Consensus Algorithm in High Real-Time and Highly Adversarial Environment. International Conference on Web Information Systems and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87571-8_62"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Hou, L., Li, Y., and Geng, Y. (2021, January 10\u201313). Weighted RAFT: An Improved Blockchain Consensus Mechanism for Internet of Things Application. Proceedings of the 2021 7th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC54389.2021.9674683"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Li, T., Wang, H., Shao, A., Bai, Y., Cai, S., Xu, Z., and Wang, D. (2020, January 25\u201327). An Erasure-coding-supported Version of Raft for Reducing Storage Cost and Network Cost. Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 20), Santa Clara, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, D., Hu, J., and Wang, J. (2019, January 19\u201320). VBBFT-Raft: An understandable blockchain consensus protocol with high performance. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 7th International Conference on Computer Science and Network Technology (ICCSNT), Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSNT47585.2019.8962479"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Zhang, L., Xu, Q., and Zhou, H. (2019, January 4\u20136). K-Bucket based Raft-like consensus algorithm for permissioned blockchain. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 25th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS), Tianjin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPADS47876.2019.00152"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4557","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2960027","article-title":"A group signature and authentication scheme for blockchain-based mobile-edge computing","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/6\/1122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:21:00Z","timestamp":1760138460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/6\/1122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14061122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14061122","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]}}}