{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T05:41:49Z","timestamp":1777354909383,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acoustic emission (AE) as a non-destructive monitoring method is used to identify small damage in various materials effectively. However, AE signals acquired during the monitoring of oil and gas steel pipelines are always contaminated with noise. A noisy signal can be a threat to the reliability and accuracy of the findings. To address these shortcomings, this study offers a technique based on discrete wavelet transform to eliminate noise in these signals. The denoising performance is affected by several factors, including wavelet basis function, decomposition level, thresholding method, and the threshold selection criteria. Traditional threshold selection rules rely on statistical and empirical variables, which influence their performance in noise reduction under various conditions. To obtain the global best solution, a threshold selection approach is proposed by integrating particle swarm optimization and the late acceptance hill-climbing heuristic algorithms. By comparing five common approaches, the superiority of the suggested technique was validated by simulation results. The enhanced thresholding solution based on particle swarm optimization algorithm outperformed others in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and root-mean-square error of denoised AE signals, implying that it is more effective for the detection of AE sources in oil and gas steel pipelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14061253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T21:19:26Z","timestamp":1655673566000},"page":"1253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Wavelet Threshold Denoising Algorithm for Acoustic Emission Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5732-284X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farrukh","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, High Performance Cloud Computing Centre (HPC3), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukman Ab.","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, High Performance Cloud Computing Centre (HPC3), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Kamil","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventure Tech, 4 Laluan Tronoh 9, Desa Tronoh, Tronoh 31750, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8780-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad Adnan","family":"Abed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Fallujah, Fallujah 31002, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2007.02.003","article-title":"Rolling element bearings multi-fault classification based on the wavelet denoising and support vector machine","volume":"21","author":"Abbasion","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mech. 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