{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T12:10:53Z","timestamp":1780920653510,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51977124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51977124"]}]},{"name":"General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31390089963058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31390089963058"]}]},{"name":"General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JCYJ20210324132616040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324132616040"]}]},{"name":"National Distinguished Expert (Youth Talent) Program of China","award":["51977124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51977124"]}]},{"name":"National Distinguished Expert (Youth Talent) Program of China","award":["31390089963058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31390089963058"]}]},{"name":"National Distinguished Expert (Youth Talent) Program of China","award":["JCYJ20210324132616040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324132616040"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["51977124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51977124"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["31390089963058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31390089963058"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["JCYJ20210324132616040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324132616040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The energy harvested by an ocean wave energy converter (WEC) can be enhanced by a well-designed wave-by-wave control strategy. One of such superior control methods is model predictive control (MPC), which is a nonlinear constrained optimization control strategy. A limitation of the classical MPC algorithm is its requirement of an accurate WEC dynamic model for real-time implementation. This article overcomes this challenge by proposing a data-driven MPC scheme for wave energy converters. The data-based WEC model is developed by a Gaussian process (encompassing mean predictions and symmetric uncertainties) for a more accurate description of nonlinear and unmodeled system dynamics. A cross-entropy solver for data-driven MPC is employed for rapid, high-performance results, which samples trajectories from Gaussian distributions based on the concept of the symmetry principle. The proposed strategy is verified numerically by simulations which demonstrate its superior performance over a classical complex-conjugate controller.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14071284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T23:11:19Z","timestamp":1655939479000},"page":"1284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Data-Driven Model Predictive Control for Wave Energy Converters Using Gaussian Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Grid Shandong Electric Power Research Institute, Jinan 250001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenfeng","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRRC Shandong Wind Power Corporation Limited, Jinan 250104, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluleke","family":"Babayomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falnes, J., and Kurniawan, A. 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