{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:18:01Z","timestamp":1782825481054,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/S014691\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/S014691\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Liverpool","award":["ES\/S014691\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/S014691\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extrastriate visual cortex is activated by visual regularity and generates an ERP known as the sustained posterior negativity (SPN). Spatial filter models offer a biologically plausible account of regularity detection based on the spectral properties of an image. These models are specific to reflection and therefore imply that reflectional symmetry and Glass patterns are coded by different neural populations. We utilised the SPN priming effect to probe representational overlap between reflection and Glass patterns. For each trial, participants were presented with a rapid succession of three patterns. In the Repeated condition, three reflections or three Glass patterns were presented. In the Changing condition, patterns alternated between reflection and Glass patterns. An increase in SPN amplitude (priming) was observed in both the Repeated and Changing conditions. Results indicate a greater representational overlap in the brain between reflection and Glass patterns than predicted by spatial filter models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14071329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:07:02Z","timestamp":1656374822000},"page":"1329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Overlapping Neural Responses to Reflectional Symmetry and Glass Patterns Revealed by an ERP Priming Paradigm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3364-2184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Tyson-Carr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2710-688X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Rampone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3423-4716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Karakashevska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4380-5058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiovanna","family":"Derpsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8617-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Bertamini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis D. J.","family":"Makin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl054","article-title":"Face configuration processing in the human brain: The role of symmetry","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24211","article-title":"Emergence of symmetry selectivity in the visual areas of the human brain: fMRI responses to symmetry presented in both frontoparallel and slanted planes","volume":"39","author":"Keefe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2962-15.2016","article-title":"Representation of Maximally Regular Textures in Human Visual Cortex","volume":"36","author":"Kohler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500319102","article-title":"Symmetry activates extrastriate visual cortex in human and nonhuman primates","volume":"102","author":"Sasaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.09.018","article-title":"Predominantly extra-retinotopic cortical response to pattern symmetry","volume":"24","author":"Tyler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.02.030","article-title":"The representation of symmetry in multi-voxel response patterns and functional connectivity throughout the ventral visual stream","volume":"191","author":"Baeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.11.004","article-title":"The causal role of the lateral occipital complex in visual mirror symmetry detection and grouping: An fMRI-guided TMS study","volume":"51","author":"Bona","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13667","article-title":"The neural basis of visual symmetry and its role in mid- and high-level visual processing","volume":"1426","author":"Bertamini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.3.4.289","article-title":"Descriptive and evaluative judgment processes: Behavioral and electrophysiological indices of processing symmetry and aesthetics","volume":"3","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14579","article-title":"Symmetric patterns with different luminance polarity (anti-symmetry) generate an automatic response in extrastriate cortex","volume":"51","author":"Makin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.10.003","article-title":"Symmetry perception and affective responses: A combined EEG\/EMG study","volume":"50","author":"Makin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4416","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw255","article-title":"An Electrophysiological Index of Perceptual Goodness","volume":"26","author":"Makin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/223578a0","article-title":"Moire effect from random dots","volume":"223","author":"Glass","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/246360a0","article-title":"Perception of Random Dot lnterference Patterns","volume":"246","author":"Glass","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.4.002336","article-title":"Limit to the detection of Glass patterns in the presence of noise","volume":"4","author":"Maloney","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(01)00235-8","article-title":"Detection thresholds for spiral Glass patterns","volume":"41","author":"Seu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00109-6","article-title":"Detection of global structure in Glass patterns: Implications for form vision","volume":"38","author":"Wilson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4373","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00690.2005","article-title":"Implied motion from form in the human visual cortex","volume":"94","author":"Krekelberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01307.2007","article-title":"Neural coding of global form in the human visual cortex","volume":"99","author":"Ostwald","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00032-5","article-title":"A human extrastriate area functionally homologous to macaque V4","volume":"27","author":"Gallant","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1167\/2.2.1","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of the human response to symmetry","volume":"2","author":"Norcia","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000177003.12322.9b","article-title":"Event-related potentials show configural specificity of global form processing","volume":"16","author":"Pei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14709","article-title":"Electrophysiological responses to regularity show specificity to global form: The case of Glass patterns","volume":"52","author":"Rampone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14966","article-title":"Electrophysiological priming effects confirm that the extrastriate symmetry network is not gated by luminance polarity","volume":"53","author":"Makin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.103.3.429","article-title":"Goodness of visual regularities: A nontransformational approach","volume":"103","author":"Leeuwenberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008574","article-title":"Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings","volume":"197","author":"Campbell","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00031-X","article-title":"The spatial mechanisms mediating symmetry perception","volume":"37","author":"Dakin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00038-2","article-title":"The detection of structure in glass patterns: Psychophysics and computational models","volume":"37","author":"Dakin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0344","article-title":"The spatial region of integration for visual symmetry detection","volume":"265","author":"Dakin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"A biologically plausible model of human shape symmetry perception","volume":"10","author":"Poirier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00110-3","article-title":"The functional role of oriented spatial filters in the perception of mirror symmetry--psychophysics and modeling","volume":"40","author":"Rainville","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793102006085","article-title":"Darwinian aesthetics: Sexual selection and the biology of beauty","volume":"78","author":"Grammer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0404","article-title":"Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary based research","volume":"366","author":"Little","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2017.1350870","article-title":"Visual cortex activation predicts visual preference: Evidence from Britain and Egypt","volume":"71","author":"Makin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(96)00038-8","article-title":"Detection of symmetry and perceptual organization: The way a lock-and-key process works","volume":"95","author":"Bertamini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/360073a0","article-title":"Preserved figure-ground segregation and symmetry perception in visual neglect","volume":"360","author":"Driver","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/9.12.11","article-title":"The role of vertical mirror symmetry in visual shape detection","volume":"9","author":"Machilsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.07.018","article-title":"Symmetry versus repetition in cyclopean vision: A microgenetic analysis","volume":"47","author":"Treder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1068\/p6393","article-title":"Sensitivity to reflection and translation is modulated by objectness","volume":"39","author":"Bertamini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2019.02.002","article-title":"A shape-level flanker facilitation effect in contour integration and the role of shape complexity","volume":"158","author":"Gillespie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-014-0646-y","article-title":"Display-wide influences on figure-ground perception: The case of symmetry","volume":"76","author":"Mojica","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.11.006","article-title":"Repetition and the brain: Neural models of stimulus-specific effects","volume":"10","author":"Henson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061133","article-title":"Representation of perceived object shape by the human lateral occipital complex","volume":"293","author":"Kourtzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makin, A.D.J., Tyson-Carr, J., Derpsch, Y., Rampone, G., and Bertamini, M. (2021). Electrophysiological priming effects demonstrate independence and overlap of visual regularity representations in the extrastriate cortex. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254361"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45679","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45679","article-title":"The role of motion and number of element locations in mirror symmetry perception","volume":"7","author":"Sharman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017","article-title":"PsychoPy\u2014Psychophysics software in Python","volume":"162","author":"Peirce","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/156856895X00089","article-title":"Empirical aspects of symmetry perception","volume":"9","author":"Tyler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spat. Vis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029333","article-title":"A century of Gestalt psychology in visual perception: I. Perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization","volume":"138","author":"Wagemans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.02.004","article-title":"Detection of symmetry and anti-symmetry","volume":"45","author":"Mancini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1996.0017","article-title":"Symmetry detection by categorization of spatial phase, a model","volume":"263","author":"Osorio","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1163\/156856894X00071","article-title":"Detection of bilateral symmetry using spatial filters","volume":"8","author":"Dakin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spat. Vis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00104-1","article-title":"Concentric orientation summation in human form vision","volume":"37","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8418487","article-title":"Selectivity for polar, hyperbolic, and Cartesian gratings in macaque visual cortex","volume":"259","author":"Gallant","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.4.2718","article-title":"Neural responses to polar, hyperbolic, and Cartesian gratings in area V4 of the macaque monkey","volume":"76","author":"Gallant","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.01.053","article-title":"Shape perception in human vision: Specialized detectors for concentric spatial structures?","volume":"360","author":"Kurki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/7\/1329\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:38:58Z","timestamp":1760139538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/7\/1329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14071329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14071329","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]}}}