{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:47:04Z","timestamp":1760230024059,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Fund Committee of China","award":["11632014","51808444","18JK0502","SV2018-KF-35","2018YQ2-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11632014","51808444","18JK0502","SV2018-KF-35","2018YQ2-05"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Program of Shanxi Provincial Education Department","award":["11632014","51808444","18JK0502","SV2018-KF-35","2018YQ2-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11632014","51808444","18JK0502","SV2018-KF-35","2018YQ2-05"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structure open Foundation","award":["11632014","51808444","18JK0502","SV2018-KF-35","2018YQ2-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11632014","51808444","18JK0502","SV2018-KF-35","2018YQ2-05"]}]},{"name":"Startup Foundation of XUST","award":["11632014","51808444","18JK0502","SV2018-KF-35","2018YQ2-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11632014","51808444","18JK0502","SV2018-KF-35","2018YQ2-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes a class of hybrid isolation systems constructed by combining Buckling Restrained Braces (BRBs) with Rubber Bearings (RBs) or Lead Rubber Bearings (LRBs) for mitigating the seismic responses in bearing-supported bridges under strong earthquakes. Firstly, two different hybrid isolation systems (RB\u2013BRB and LRB\u2013BRB) were preliminarily designed based on the energy-conservation concept in the case of a bridge with Y-shaped piers, which can meet all the energy demands at different seismic hazard levels. Further, seismic evaluations were conducted on the bridges with the LRB, RB\u2013BRB, and LRB\u2013BRB isolation systems based on the nonlinear time history analyses. The proposed hybrid isolation systems show a two-phase energy dissipation behavior, which facilitates the systems to reduce the seismic responses remarkably under different earthquake scenarios and achieve most of the performance objectives corresponding to the code-specified hazard levels. Finally, based on fragility analyses, the effects of the gap spacing and the stiffness ratio of the BRB to the pier were investigated with respect to the failure probability in the case of a bridge with LRB\u2013BRB. It has been validated that the seismic performances of this study\u2019s bridge can be improved considerably with the optimized gap spacing and BRB stiffness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14071373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T23:38:55Z","timestamp":1656977935000},"page":"1373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Performance-Based Seismic Design of Hybrid Isolation Systems with Gap-Tunable BRBs for Bearing-Supported Bridges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qunfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shimin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCCC First Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCCC First Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2005)10:1(54)","article-title":"Damage analysis of Hanshin expressway viaducts during 1995 Kobe earthquake. 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