{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:47:08Z","timestamp":1762508828349,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1D1A1B07047601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1D1A1B07047601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Federated learning enables multiple users to collaboratively train a global model using the users\u2019 private data on users\u2019 local machines. This way, users are not required to share their training data with other parties, maintaining user privacy; however, the vanilla federated learning proposal is mainly assumed to be run in a trusted environment, while the actual implementation of federated learning is expected to be performed in untrusted domains. This paper aims to use blockchain as a trusted federated learning platform to realize the missing \u201crunning on untrusted domain\u201d requirement. First, we investigate vanilla federate learning issues such as client\u2019s low motivation, client dropouts, model poisoning, model stealing, and unauthorized access. From those issues, we design building block solutions such as incentive mechanism, reputation system, peer-reviewed model, commitment hash, and model encryption. We then construct the full-fledged blockchain-based federated learning protocol, including client registration, training, aggregation, and reward distribution. Our evaluations show that the proposed solutions made federated learning more reliable. Moreover, the proposed system can motivate participants to be honest and perform best-effort training to obtain higher rewards while punishing malicious behaviors. Hence, running federated learning in an untrusted environment becomes possible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14071407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1657497981000},"page":"1407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Building Trusted Federated Learning on Blockchain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3574-7820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yustus Eko","family":"Oktian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software Convergence, Dongseo University, 47 Jurye-ro, Sasang-gu, Busan 47011, Korea"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software Convergence, Dongseo University, 47 Jurye-ro, Sasang-gu, Busan 47011, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6678-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Gon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software Convergence, Dongseo University, 47 Jurye-ro, Sasang-gu, Busan 47011, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2501\/IJMR-2017-050","article-title":"The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): European regulation that has a global impact","volume":"59","author":"Goddard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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