{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T10:17:12Z","timestamp":1791541032543,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62106007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62106007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["212102310549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102310549"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222102320189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102320189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222102210257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102210257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021C01GX012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C01GX012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G1806, G1807 and G2821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G1806, G1807 and G2821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["62106007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62106007"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["212102310549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102310549"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["222102320189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102320189"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["222102210257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102210257"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["2021C01GX012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C01GX012"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["G1806, G1807 and G2821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G1806, G1807 and G2821"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["62106007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62106007"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["212102310549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102310549"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["222102320189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102320189"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["222102210257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102210257"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["2021C01GX012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C01GX012"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["G1806, G1807 and G2821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G1806, G1807 and G2821"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["62106007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62106007"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["212102310549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102310549"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["222102320189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102320189"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["222102210257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102210257"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["2021C01GX012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C01GX012"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["G1806, G1807 and G2821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G1806, G1807 and G2821"]}]},{"name":"Anyang City Science and Technology Development Plan","award":["62106007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62106007"]}]},{"name":"Anyang City Science and Technology Development Plan","award":["212102310549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102310549"]}]},{"name":"Anyang City Science and Technology Development Plan","award":["222102320189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102320189"]}]},{"name":"Anyang City Science and Technology Development Plan","award":["222102210257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102210257"]}]},{"name":"Anyang City Science and Technology Development Plan","award":["2021C01GX012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C01GX012"]}]},{"name":"Anyang City Science and Technology Development Plan","award":["G1806, G1807 and G2821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G1806, G1807 and G2821"]}]},{"name":"Ancient Characters and Chinese Civilization Inheritance and Development Project","award":["62106007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62106007"]}]},{"name":"Ancient Characters and Chinese Civilization Inheritance and Development Project","award":["212102310549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102310549"]}]},{"name":"Ancient Characters and Chinese Civilization Inheritance and Development Project","award":["222102320189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102320189"]}]},{"name":"Ancient Characters and Chinese Civilization Inheritance and Development Project","award":["222102210257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102210257"]}]},{"name":"Ancient Characters and Chinese Civilization Inheritance and Development Project","award":["2021C01GX012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C01GX012"]}]},{"name":"Ancient Characters and Chinese Civilization Inheritance and Development Project","award":["G1806, G1807 and G2821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G1806, G1807 and G2821"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rejoining oracle bone fragments plays an import role in studying the history and culture of the Shang dynasty by its characters. However, current computer vision technology has a low accuracy in judging whether the texture of oracle bone fragment image pairs can be put back together. When rejoining fragment images, the coordinate sequence and texture features of edge pixels from original and target fragment images form a continuous symmetrical structure, so we put forward an internal similarity network (ISN) to rejoin the fragment image automatically. Firstly, an edge equidistant matching (EEM) algorithm was given to search similar coordinate sequences of edge segment pairs on the fragment image contours and to locally match the edge coordinate sequence of an oracle bone fragment image. Then, a target mask-based method was designed in order to put two images into a whole and to cut a local region image by the local matching edge. Next, we calculated a convolution feature gradient map (CFGM) of the local region image texture, and an internal similarity pooling (ISP) layer was proposed to compute the internal similarity of the convolution feature gradient map. Finally, ISN was contributed in order to evaluate a similarity score of a local region image texture and to determine whether two fragment images are a coherent whole. The experiments show that the correct judgement probability of ISN is higher than 90% in actual rejoining work and that our method searched 37 pairs of correctly rejoined oracle bone fragment images that have not been discovered by archaeologists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14071464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:19:21Z","timestamp":1658189961000},"page":"1464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Internal Similarity Network for Rejoining Oracle Bone Fragment Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7432-7669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oracle Bone Inscription Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Anyang 455000, China"},{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5408-0615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oracle Bone Inscription Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Anyang 455000, China"},{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oracle Bone Inscription Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Anyang 455000, China"},{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, T., and Wang, J. (2010, January 4\u20136). The Application of the Technique of 2D Fragments Stitching Based on Outline Feature in Rejoining Oracle Bones. Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia Information Networking and Security, Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MINES.2010.208"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alahi, A., Ortiz, R., and Vandergheynst, P. (2012, January 16\u201321). FREAK: Fast retina keypoint. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Providence, RI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6247715"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamran, H., Zhang, K., Li, M., and Li, X. (2018, January 8\u201311). An LCS-based 2D Fragmented Image Reassembly Algorithm. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Science and Education, Colombo, Sri Lanka.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSE.2018.8468808"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Li, L., Fang, R., and Xin, H. (2019, January 18\u201320). Reassembly of Two-Dimensional Irregular Fragments by Improved Polygon Feature Matching. Proceedings of the IEEE 11th International Conference on Advanced Infocomm Technology, Jinan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIT.2019.8935911"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"55","article-title":"Longitudinal Shredded Paper Stitching Method Based on Edge Matching","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Mod."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fast Algorithm for 2D Fragment Assembly Based on Partial EMD","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2019.2963378","article-title":"Deepzzle: Solving Visual Jigsaw Puzzles with Deep Learning and Shortest Path Optimization","volume":"29","author":"Paumard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4000","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2019.2903298","article-title":"JigsawNet: Shredded Image Reassembly Using Convolutional Neural Network and Loop-Based Composition","volume":"28","author":"Le","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngo, T., Nguyen, C., and Nakagawa, M. (2020, January 8\u201310). A Siamese Network-based Approach for Matching Various Sizes of Excavated Wooden Fragments. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Dortmund, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR2020.2020.00063"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.01.012","article-title":"Matching Ostraca Fragments Using A Siamese Neural Network","volume":"131","author":"Beurton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"C\u00e9cilia, O., and Beurton-Aimar, M. (2020, January 13). Using Graph Neural Networks to Reconstruct Ancient Documents. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Milan, Italy."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szegedy, C., Ioffe, S., Vanhoucke, V., and Alemi, A. (2016, January 23). Inception\u2013V4, Inception\u2013ResNet and the Impact of Residual Connections on Learning. Proceedings of the 31st AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.11231"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girshick, R., Donahue, J., Darrell, T., and Malik, J. (2014, January 23\u201328). Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Columbus, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.81"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2844175","article-title":"Mask R-CNN","volume":"42","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R., and Farhadi, A. (2016, January 27\u201330). You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2019.2955832","article-title":"Invariance-Preserving Localized Activation Functions for Graph Neural Networks","volume":"68","author":"Ruiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., and Sun, J. (2016, January 27\u201330). Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., and Jian, S. (2016, January 11\u201314). Identity Mappings in Deep Residual Networks. Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Computer Vision, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46493-0_38"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.57","article-title":"Product Quantization for Nearest Neighbor Search","volume":"33","author":"Jegou","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., and Yang, D. (2019, January 10\u201312). Internal and External Similarity Aggregation Stereo Matching Algorithm. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Digital Image Processing, Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2539674"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000022288.19776.77","article-title":"Efficient Graph-Based Image Segmentation","volume":"59","author":"Felzenszwalb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, X., Sun, X., Dong, W., Wang, H., and Zhang, X. (2013, January 23\u201328). Segment-tree based cost aggregation for stereo matching. Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.47"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Wang, Y.T., Li, B., Guo, A., and Liu, C.L. (2021;, January 9\u201312). Deep Rejoining Model for Oracle Bone Fragment Image. Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Pattern Recognition, Jeju Island, Korea.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02444-3_1"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/7\/1464\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:52:57Z","timestamp":1760140377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/7\/1464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14071464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14071464","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]}}}