{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:55:28Z","timestamp":1760230528494,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004001","name":"Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[2019]1227","72061006","KY[2022]167","2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2019]1227","72061006","KY[2022]167","2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[2019]1227","72061006","KY[2022]167","2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2019]1227","72061006","KY[2022]167","2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Young Science and Technology Talents Growth Project of the colleges and universities in Guizhou Province","award":["[2019]1227","72061006","KY[2022]167","2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2019]1227","72061006","KY[2022]167","2017"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Research Project of Guizhou Normal University","award":["[2019]1227","72061006","KY[2022]167","2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2019]1227","72061006","KY[2022]167","2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of battery-free wireless sensor networks (benefiting from the ability to collect energy from the surroundings) has broken through the energy and lifetime limitations of traditional wireless sensor network systems, but also brings challenges to the sharing of network resources. In the multi-channel wireless communication environment, in particular, how to coordinate the communication time and occupied channels of a large number of sensor nodes from the perspective of optimizing the global network has become a research problem that must be solved. To reduce the transmission delay and the usage of wireless channels, a new multi-channel data aggregation scheduling method based on the chaotic firework algorithm is proposed in this paper. With the help of the generation function of feasible solutions, one scheduling set and a firework individual can be rapidly converted to each other. By the operations of firework explosions, the Gaussian mutation, and chaotic exploration, a sub-optimal scheduling set could be found during an acceptable time period. Finally, simulation results show that the new scheduling method has advantages in aggregation delay and occupied channels when compared with existing methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14081571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T23:49:27Z","timestamp":1659397767000},"page":"1571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Multi-Channel Data Aggregation Scheduling Based on the Chaotic Firework Algorithm for the Battery-Free Wireless Sensor Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6241-8718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3066-1929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"}]},{"given":"Liguo","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Engineering Centre of Manufacturing Service and Knowledge Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"}]},{"given":"Taihua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Engineering Centre of Manufacturing Service and Knowledge Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, T., Li, J.Z., Gao, H., and Cai, Z.P. (2018, January 16\u201319). Coverage in battery-free wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (IEEE INFOCOM), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8485808"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2020.3019470","article-title":"A Novel Framework for the Coverage Problem in Battery-Free Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, B., Gao, H., and Li, J. (2019, January 4\u20137). Multicast Scheduling Algorithms for Battery-Free Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 16th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), Monterey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS.2019.00054"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2014.2316527","article-title":"Adaptive Rectifier Driven by Power Intake Predictors for Wind Energy Harvesting Sensor Networks","volume":"3","author":"Porcarelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/415174","article-title":"Solar Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network Simulator","volume":"11","author":"Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2368999","article-title":"Wireless Networks With RF Energy Harvesting: A Contemporary Survey","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yahya, N. (2018). Agricultural 4.0: Its Implementation Toward Future Sustainability. Green Urea, Springer. Green Energy and Technology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7578-0_5"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demin, G., Haifeng, L., Anna, J., and Guoxin, W. (2014, January 19\u201321). A forest fire prediction system based on rechargeable wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNIDC.2014.7000334"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zalbide, I., D\u2019Entremont, E., Jim\u00e9nez, A., Solar, H., Beriain, A., and Berenguer, R. (2014, January 2\u20135). Battery-free wireless sensors for industrial applications based on UHF RFID technology. Proceedings of the SENSORS, IEEE, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2014.6985299"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20558","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2821445","article-title":"Big Data Challenges and Data Aggregation Strategies in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"6","author":"Boubiche","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3422","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2692246","article-title":"A Distributed Delay-Efficient Data Aggregation Scheduling for Duty-Cycled WSNs","volume":"17","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2014.11.008","article-title":"Schedule-based multi-channel communication in wireless sensor networks: A complete design and performance evaluation","volume":"26","author":"Phung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-013-1435-y","article-title":"A Power-Efficient Distributed TDMA Scheduling Algorithm with Distance-Measurement for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"75","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2013.09.007","article-title":"MC-MLAS: Multi-channel Minimum Latency Aggregation Scheduling in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"57","author":"Ghods","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pisanu, T., Garau, S., Ortu, P., Schirru, L., and Macci\u00f2, C. (2020). Prototype of a Low-Cost Electronic Platform for Real Time Greenhouse Environment Monitoring: An Agriculture 4.0 Perspective. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9050726"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149854","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3016325","article-title":"Precision Techniques and Agriculture 4.0 Technologies to Promote Sustainability in the Coffee Sector: State of the Art, Challenges and Future Trends","volume":"8","author":"Sott","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barik, S., and Naz, S. (2021, January 17\u201319). Smart Agriculture Using Wireless Sensor Monitoring Network Powered By Solar Energy. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems (ICCCIS), Delhi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCIS51004.2021.9397111"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gill, R., and Chawla, P. (2022, January 18\u201319). Energy Harvesting Sensors based Internet of Things System for Precision Agriculture. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovative Practices in Technology and Management (ICIPTM), Gautam Buddha Nagar, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIPTM54933.2022.9754203"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58859","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2983112","article-title":"A Novel Distributed CDS Algorithm for Extending Lifetime of WSNs With Solar Energy Harvester Nodes for Smart Agriculture Applications","volume":"8","author":"Gulec","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Wu, X., Cao, Z., Liu, M., Li, Y., and Hou, M. (2015, January 22\u201325). CD-MAC: A contention detectable MAC for low duty-cycled wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 12th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2015.7338289"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11410","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2891944","article-title":"Energy Efficient Scheduling in Wireless Sensor Networks for Periodic Data Gathering","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2014.07.014","article-title":"Reliable Multi-channel Scheduling for timely dissemination of Aggregated data in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"46","author":"Bagaaa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, X., Lou, W., Feng, X., Wang, X., Yang, L., and Chen, G. (2018, January 9\u201312). Delay Efficient Data Aggregation Scheduling in Multi-channel Duty-Cycled WSNs. Proceedings of the IEEE 15th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS.2018.00055"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27887","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2734847","article-title":"Distributed Data Aggregation Scheduling in Multi-channel and Multi-power Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"5","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., and Jeong, W. (2015, January 28\u201330). Multi-channel TDMA link scheduling for wireless multi-hop sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2015.7354627"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2020.3035671","article-title":"Data Aggregation Scheduling in Battery-Free Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Chen, K., Gao, H., Cai, Z., Chen, Q., and Li, J. (May, January 29). Distributed Energy-Adaptive Aggregation Scheduling with Coverage Guarantee For Battery-Free Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (IEEE INFOCOM), Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Cai, Z., Cheng, L., and Gao, H. (2021). Structure-Free General Data Aggregation Scheduling for Multihop Battery-Free Wireless Networks. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2021.3053557"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"85","article-title":"Chaotic Fireworks Algorithm for Solving Travelling Salesman Problem","volume":"46","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120798","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3004430","article-title":"Optimal Performance and Application for Firework Algorithm Using a Novel Chaotic Approach","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7433","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2581491","article-title":"On the Construction of Data Aggregation Tree With Maximizing Lifetime in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"16","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Hu, X., and Zhu, J. (2005, January 13\u201315). Minimum data aggregation time problem in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the in Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks (MSN), First International Conference, Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/11599463_14"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-011-1193-9","article-title":"Minimum-Time Aggregation Scheduling in Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/TCBB.2015.2446487","article-title":"Fireworks Algorithm with Enhanced Fireworks Interaction","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Comput. Biol. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"27","article-title":"A Cooperative Framework for Fireworks Algorithm","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Biol. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158082","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3020158","article-title":"Energy-Efficient and Load-Balanced Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Using a Chaotic Genetic Algorithm","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chaotic genetic algorithm and the effects of entropy in performance optimization","volume":"29","author":"Guillermo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.109873","article-title":"A discrete memristor model and its application in H\u00e9non map","volume":"137","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Zheng, S., and Tan, Y. (2014, January 6\u201311). Analysis on global convergence and time complexity of fireworks algorithm. Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2014.6900652"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/8\/1571\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:59:30Z","timestamp":1760140770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/8\/1571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14081571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14081571","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]}}}