{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T18:09:18Z","timestamp":1760551758717,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB2400605","LQ21E090010","LP2018","31972843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2400605","LQ21E090010","LP2018","31972843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB2400605","LQ21E090010","LP2018","31972843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2400605","LQ21E090010","LP2018","31972843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering","award":["2021YFB2400605","LQ21E090010","LP2018","31972843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2400605","LQ21E090010","LP2018","31972843"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB2400605","LQ21E090010","LP2018","31972843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2400605","LQ21E090010","LP2018","31972843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Converter valves are the core equipment of offshore wind power structures. However, they are highly vulnerable to vibration under strong earthquakes, which will affect normal operation of the offshore wind farm. Converter station is an axisymmetric structure with obvious asymmetry in its internal configuration of the superstructure. This study aimed to analyze the dynamic response of a supported converter valve in an offshore converter station under seismic excitation. The coupling model of the supported valve tower group and the converter station were established, and the distribution law of the valve tower dynamic response and foundation settlement were investigated. The dynamic response effect of the modal truncation, valve tower stiffness, and basic size on different areas and foundations of the valve towers were studied. The findings were as follows: (i) the effect of local vibration of the valve tower should not be simplified by using equivalent mass and node condensation; (ii) the structure\u2013equipment coupling analysis method should be used to review the structural design scheme of the offshore converter station in the intensity VII region; (iii) the vertical higher-order modes should be considered during the vibration response calculation and its participation ratio in mass should not be lower than 90%; (iv) the frequency range that minimizes the vibration response is the characteristic frequency range of horizontal vibration, while the best vibration suppression effect cannot be obtained in both the horizontal and vertical directions; and (v) the stiffness of the valve tower itself should be adjusted and different stiffness designs of the valve tower in different positions should be adopted to realize effective vibration response control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14081635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T09:47:06Z","timestamp":1660124826000},"page":"1635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dynamic Response Analysis of an Offshore Converter Platform with Valve Towers under Seismic Excitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhenzhou","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Far-Shore Wind Power Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311122, China"},{"name":"Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 311122, China"},{"name":"Offshore Wind Power R&D Center of Power China Huadong, Hangzhou 311122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengxiao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Far-Shore Wind Power Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311122, China"},{"name":"Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 311122, China"},{"name":"Offshore Wind Power R&D Center of Power China Huadong, Hangzhou 311122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunwei","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiupan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Far-Shore Wind Power Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311122, China"},{"name":"Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 311122, China"},{"name":"Offshore Wind Power R&D Center of Power China Huadong, Hangzhou 311122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiefeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Far-Shore Wind Power Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311122, China"},{"name":"Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 311122, China"},{"name":"Offshore Wind Power R&D Center of Power China Huadong, Hangzhou 311122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117787","article-title":"Current status and future trends of offshore wind power in Europe","volume":"202","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2013.2273979","article-title":"Offshore wind integration to a weak grid by VSC-HVDC links using power-synchronization control: A case study","volume":"29","author":"Mitra","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.08.108","article-title":"Off-shore wind farm development: Present status and challenges","volume":"29","author":"Rehana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.12.288","article-title":"Comparative study of HVAC and HVDC transmission systems","volume":"59","author":"Kalair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.11.033","article-title":"Low frequency AC transmission for offshore wind power: A review","volume":"56","author":"Ruddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106355","article-title":"One-end protection algorithm for offshore wind farm HVDC transmission based on travelling waves and cross-alienation","volume":"185","author":"Mahfouz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloei.2020.07.002","article-title":"Coordinate control strategy for stability operation of offshore wind farm integrated with diode-rectifier HVDC","volume":"3","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Energy Interconnect."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1052410533","article-title":"Research on 1100 kV\/5500 A ultra-high voltage thyristor valve key technology and its application","volume":"34","author":"Gou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4689","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2019.2945931","article-title":"An accurate and fast method for con-ducted EMI modeling and simulation of MMC-Based HVdc converter station","volume":"35","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-smt.2019.0089","article-title":"Investigation on distribution of electro-thermal coupled field and improved design of +1100 kV converter valve-side bushing","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Sci. Meas. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.05.022","article-title":"Seismic performance and restraint system of suspended 800 kV thyristor valve","volume":"169","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2018.11.016","article-title":"Seismic performance evaluation and improvement of ultra-high voltage wall bushing-valve hall system","volume":"154","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bang, S., Kim, H.-S., Koo, J.-H., and Lee, B.-W. (2021). Consideration of the insulation design method on a \u00b1200 kV converter valve unit in an HVDC converter hall. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14082296"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2013.01.030","article-title":"A two-step mode shape expansion method for offshore jacket structures with physical meaningful modelling errors","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.07.007","article-title":"Experiment study of improved modal strain energy method for damage localization in jacket-type offshore wind turbines","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/tal.1266","article-title":"Application of spherical tuned liquid damper in vibration control of wind turbine due to earthquake excitations","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Chen, J.-L., Li, J.-W., Wang, D.-W., and Feng, Y.-Q. (2021). Seismic response analysis of steel-concrete hybrid wind turbine tower. J. Vib. Control, 1\u201314."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.1987.4766358","article-title":"HVDC thyristor valve development","volume":"PE-2","author":"Ekstrom","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1109\/61.32663","article-title":"Innovative seismic design aspects of the intermountain power project converter stations","volume":"4","author":"Larder","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1109\/61.248269","article-title":"Design of HVDC converter station equipment subject to severe seismic performance requirements","volume":"8","author":"Enblom","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influence of the offshore electrical platform on the dynamic responses of converter valve under sea waves and earthquakes","volume":"16","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ships Offshore Struct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1006\/jsvi.1999.2892","article-title":"Dynamic absorbers for an externally excited pendulum","volume":"234","author":"Tondl","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2012.03.026","article-title":"Semi-active on-off damping control of a dynamic vibration absorber using Coriolis force","volume":"331","author":"La","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z.-Z., Bi, C.-W., Zhao, S.-X., Dong, G.-H., and Yu, H.-F. (2019). Experimental analysis on dynamic responses of an electrical platform for an offshore wind farm under earthquake load. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse7080279"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2021.102692","article-title":"Engineering analysis of the dynamic characteristics of an electrical jacket platform of an offshore wind farm under seismic loads","volume":"112","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z.-Z., Yu, Y., Wang, H.-K., Huang, S.-S., and Chen, J.-F. (2022). Dynamic response analysis of offshore converter station based on Vector Form Intrinsic Finite Element (VFIFE) method. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10060749"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D.-L., Bi, C.-W., Wu, G.-Y., Zhao, S.-X., and Dong, G.-H. (2019). Laboratory experimental investigation on the hydrodynamic responses of an extra-large electrical platform in wave and storm conditions. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11102042"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Liu, X., Li, W., Liu, F., and Hancock, C. (2021). Time-frequency extraction model based on variational mode decomposition and Hilbert-Huang transform for offshore oil platforms using MIMU data. Symmetry, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13081443"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2020). Offshore Substations (Standard No. DNVGL-ST-0145)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2014). Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries-Specific Requirements for Offshore Structures-Part 3: Topsides Structure (Standard No. ISO 19901-3)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.4290070502","article-title":"On the accuracy of mode superposition analysis in structural dynamics","volume":"7","author":"Hansteen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.2395","article-title":"Seismic performance evaluation of high-voltage disconnect switches using real-time hybrid simulation: II. Parametric study","volume":"43","author":"Mosalam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-017-3503-4","article-title":"Recent advances in vibration control of offshore platforms","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Y., He, E., and Furrer, M. (2015, January 23\u201325). Whipping effect of the seismic response of unbraced tied arch bridges. Proceedings of the IABSE Conference\u2013Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges, Geneva, Switzerland. IABSE Rep. 105.","DOI":"10.2749\/222137815818359113"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.540.173","article-title":"Engineering mechanics in whipping effect of high-rise building","volume":"540","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/8\/1635\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:06:09Z","timestamp":1760141169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/8\/1635"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14081635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14081635","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]}}}