{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:48:21Z","timestamp":1761061701860,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP.1\/243\/42","433052568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.1\/243\/42","433052568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Research Foundation and the Open Access Publication Fund of the Thueringer Universitaets-und Landesbibliothek Jena","award":["RGP.1\/243\/42","433052568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.1\/243\/42","433052568"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given that one of the most critical operations in the oil and gas industry is to instantly determine the volume and type of product passing through the pipelines, in this research, a detection system for monitoring oil pipelines is proposed. The proposed system works in such a way that the radiation from the dual-energy source which symmetrically emits radiation, was received by the NaI detector after passing through the shield window and test pipeline. In the test pipe, four petroleum products\u2014ethylene glycol, crude oil, gasoil, and gasoline\u2014were simulated in pairs in different volume fractions. A total of 118 simulations were performed, and their signals were categorized. Then, feature extraction operations were started to reduce the volume of data, increase accuracy, increase the learning speed of the neural network, and better interpret the data. Wavelet features were extracted from the recorded signal and used as GMDH neural network input. The signals of each test were divided into details and approximation sections and characteristics with the names STD of A3, D3, D2 and were extracted. This described structure is modelled in the Monte Carlo N Particle code (MCNP). In fact, precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions were done using a combination of symmetrical source and asymmetrical neural network. Four GMDH neural networks were trained to estimate the volumetric ratio of each product, and the maximum RMSE was 0.63. In addition to this high accuracy, the low implementation and computational cost compared to previous detection methods are among the advantages of present investigation, which increases its application in the oil industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14091797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T02:09:36Z","timestamp":1661911776000},"page":"1797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Application of Wavelet Characteristics and GMDH Neural Networks for Precise Estimation of Oil Product Types and Volume Fractions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7739-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulilah Mohammad","family":"Mayet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0951-174X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Mehdi","family":"Alizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Petroleum Engineering Department, Australian College of Kuwait, West Mishref 13015, Kuwait"}]},{"given":"Karwan Mohammad","family":"Hamakarim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Science and Technology, University of Human Development, Kurdistan Region 46001, Iraq"}]},{"given":"Ali Awadh","family":"Al-Qahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9221-4385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah K.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1632-5374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John William","family":"Grimaldo Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Hala H.","family":"Alhashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1480-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Eftekhari-Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2015.12.098","article-title":"Optimization of a method for identifying the flow regime and measuring void fraction in a broad beam gamma-ray attenuation technique","volume":"41","author":"Nazemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. 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