{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:06:48Z","timestamp":1760231208488,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]],"date-time":"2022-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["19A013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19A013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The existing target tracking algorithm of the tennis dynamic image serving path cannot correct the serving path in time according to the physical characteristics of the target, resulting in poor correction accuracy and stability. To this end, this paper proposes correction algorithm of tennis dynamic image serving path based on symmetric algorithm. Dynamic images are obtained using the visual acquisition model. On this basis, the contour of the moving target is obtained by the symmetric algorithm, and the complete moving target is obtained by the background difference method. The physical properties of moving objects are analyzed through a tennis serve visual model. The path correction model based on physical features is used to construct the relevant model so as to realize the path correction of the moving target. The experimental results show that the highest accuracy of the algorithm for tennis net and bottom line is 92.88% and 93.10%, respectively, and the average image correction accuracy is 95%. The tracking accuracy of service paths in complex backgrounds is 95%. These data show that the proposed algorithm has high correction accuracy and stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14091833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T09:51:09Z","timestamp":1662630669000},"page":"1833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Correction Algorithm of Tennis Dynamic Image Serving Path Based on Symmetric Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Liangming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}]},{"given":"Aihua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410076, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"574","article-title":"Blind frequency estimation algorithm based on least mean square","volume":"10","author":"Xun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. China Acad. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"61","article-title":"Study on systematic tennis serving skill and synthetic and coordinated training system","volume":"42","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chengdu Sport Univ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T. (2020). Fault Recovery Path Analysis of a Software Dynamic Image Based on a Fuzzy Control Algorithm. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12060897"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"76","article-title":"High-intensity sports load state monitoring system based on characteristic parameters","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Qiqihar Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"218","article-title":"Optimization modeling and simulation of image path correction of tennisball","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Simul."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"102","article-title":"Pattern recognition and its application in image processing","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autom. Instr."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2838","article-title":"Design of ball track recognition and tracking system based on tennis color features","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Soc. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"115","article-title":"Sphere detection method based on OPF clustering in tennis video","volume":"39","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Xiangtan Univ. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"73","article-title":"Research on tennis sports video target tracking based on mean shift algorithm","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod. Electron. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6445","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2468686","article-title":"A convergence and asymptotic analysis of the generalized symmetric fastica algorithm","volume":"63","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2794207","article-title":"Local and global feature learning for blind quality evaluation of screen content and natural scene images","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2019.108561","article-title":"Multi-sensor state estimation over lossy channels using coded measurements","volume":"111","author":"Sui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2015.01.010","article-title":"Materials-based 3D segmentation of unknown objects from dual-energy computed tomography imagery in baggage security screening","volume":"48","author":"Mouton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110701","DOI":"10.7498\/aps.64.110701","article-title":"Asymmetric multiple-image authentication based on complex amplitude information multiplexing and RSA algorith","volume":"64","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2021.108153","article-title":"Knowledge base graph embedding module design for Visual question answering model","volume":"120","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10851-015-0619-3","article-title":"The symmetric generalized LIP model and its application in dynamic range enhancemen","volume":"55","author":"Guang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Math. Imaging Vis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2020.2972207","article-title":"Multiobjective evolution of fuzzy rough neural network via distributed parallelism for stock prediction","volume":"28","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014233122092981","DOI":"10.1177\/0142331220929816","article-title":"Research on tobacco foreign body detection device based on machine vision","volume":"42","author":"Chao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Inst. Meas. Control"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakur, N., and Han, C.Y. (2021). A study of fall detection in assisted living: Identifying and improving the optimal machine learning method. J. Sens. Actuator Netw., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan10030039"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.06.001","article-title":"Environment-fusion multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"53","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inform. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.12.078","article-title":"Communication-efficient surrogate quantile regression for non-randomly distributed system","volume":"588","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inform. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"De-biasing the dynamic mode decomposition for applied koopman spectral analysis","volume":"25","author":"Hemati","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nonlinear Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"32","article-title":"High-speed real-time track inspection image acquisition and processing system based on FPGA and DSP","volume":"42","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Railw. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2019.07.013","article-title":"Enhanced embedding capacity for the SMSD-based data-hiding method","volume":"78","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Process. Image Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.2994386","article-title":"Thresholds based image extraction schemes in big data environment in intelligent traffic management","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intel. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"GRASS: Generative recursive autoencoders for shape structures","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-015-2330-8","article-title":"A novel image encryption algorithm based on genetic recombination and hyper-chaotic systems","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4616","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2954588","article-title":"Mobile internet of things under data physical fusion technology","volume":"7","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-04758-1","article-title":"Cross-layer congestion control of wireless sensor networks based on fuzzy sliding mode control","volume":"32","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.3000785","article-title":"An improved adaptive sliding mode observer for a middle and high-speed rotors tracking","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2021.10.003","article-title":"An effective hybrid collaborative algorithm for energy-efficient distributed permutation flow-shop inverse scheduling","volume":"128","author":"Mou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-014-1729-y","article-title":"A fast image algorithm based on rows and columns switch","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63971","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2984680","article-title":"A moving shadow elimination method based on fusion of multi-feature","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"4028","article-title":"Semi-supervised software defect prediction model based on tri-training","volume":"15","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2019.2942836","article-title":"Research on road traffic situation awareness system based on image big data","volume":"35","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e613","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.613","article-title":"Research on image classification method based on improved multi-scale relational network","volume":"7","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput. Sci."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/9\/1833\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:23:06Z","timestamp":1760142186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/9\/1833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14091833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14091833","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]]}}}