{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T10:38:21Z","timestamp":1767868701503,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2022XJLJ01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022XJLJ01"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["KJ2018A0118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2018A0118"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["Xjky110201912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Xjky110201912"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province","award":["2022XJLJ01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022XJLJ01"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province","award":["KJ2018A0118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2018A0118"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province","award":["Xjky110201912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Xjky110201912"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Project of Anhui Polytechnic University","award":["2022XJLJ01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022XJLJ01"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Project of Anhui Polytechnic University","award":["KJ2018A0118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2018A0118"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Project of Anhui Polytechnic University","award":["Xjky110201912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Xjky110201912"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to soil disturbance during the construction of metro stations, the initial stress of the stratum is modified, leading to ground settlement within a particular range, fracturing the surrounding buildings and even causing significant ground deformation and building collapse. This paper employed the Pile-Beam-Arch method to assemble the Daguanying Station of Beijing Metro Line 7 as the engineering background. The numerical calculation method was used to study the regulations of ground settlement and structural deformation throughout the construction stage. Meanwhile, the effect of surface loading was taken into account and surface settlement control strategies were suggested. Finally, the Stochastic medium theory was used to predict surface settlement. It was evident from the study\u2019s findings that the pilot tunnels excavation and the arches installation accounted for 67% and 23.1% of the total surface settlement, respectively, and produced the most surface settlement. Surface settlement can be significantly reduced by utilizing grouting reinforcement technology and the pilot tunnels excavation approach of \u201cupper first, then lower and side first, then middle\u201d. The structure was much less stressed during the pre-construction stage, with the maximum principal stress ranging from 1 to 5 MPa; after construction was finalized, the maximum principal stress reached 14.203 MPa, concentrating mostly in the middle column part, which was the consequence of the combined action of the upper load and the lower soil uplift. Additionally, there was a linear relationship between the surface load and ground settlement. The bottom slab and the middle column were situated where the structure\u2019s most unfavorable components were concentrated. The conclusions of the surface settlement prediction demonstrated that there were discrepancies between the theoretical calculation and the simulated; thus, the prediction results were more conservative. The study results can serve as a reference for construction sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14091892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1663108648000},"page":"1892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Numerical Study on Stratigraphic and Structural Deformation Patterns Considering Surface Load with Pile-Beam-Arch Method Construction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9255-5390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7979-1997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2021.106904","article-title":"Three-dimensional seismic performance analysis of large and complex underground pipe trench structure","volume":"150","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2019.102994","article-title":"Shaking table test on seismic response characteristics of prefabricated subway station structure","volume":"91","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-020-1167-y","article-title":"Numerical simulations of construction of shield tunnel with small clearance to adjacent tunnel without and with isolation pile reinforcement","volume":"24","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2017.10.010","article-title":"Settlement and load transfer mechanism of a pile group adjacent to a deep excavation in soft clay","volume":"96","author":"Shakeel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2018.09.010","article-title":"Subway station construction using combined shield and shallow tunnelling method: Case study of Gaojiayuan station in Beijing","volume":"82","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2022.104582","article-title":"Study on the stability of a large-span subway station constructed by combining with the shaft and arch cover method","volume":"127","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-016-0004-9","article-title":"Numerical analysis on the mechanical performance of supporting structures and ground settlement characteristics in construction process of subway station built by pile-beam-arch method","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2011.12.007","article-title":"Shallow tunnelling method (STM) for subway station construction in soft ground","volume":"29","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275362","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/275362","article-title":"Key Techniques and Risk Management for the Application of the Pile-Beam-Arch (PBA) Excavation Method: A case study of Zhongjie subway station","volume":"2014","author":"Guan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-7798(01)00009-8","article-title":"A new construction method for a metro station in Beijing","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2015.04.006","article-title":"Enlarging a large-diameter shield tunnel using the Pile-Beam-Arch method to create a metro station","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2019.03.014","article-title":"Numerical study on the response of ground movements to construction activities of a metro station using the pile-beam-arch method","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2017.04.006","article-title":"Responses of pipeline to side-by-side twin tunnelling at different depths: 3D centrifuge tests and numerical modelling","volume":"66","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"88","article-title":"Research on the Surface Settlement of Subway Station Induced by PBA Construction Method","volume":"35","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Railw. Eng. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6615016","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6615016","article-title":"Study on the Applicability of an Improved Pile-Beam-Arch Method of Metro Station Construction in the Upper-Soft and Lower-Hard Stratum","volume":"2021","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2014.10.007","article-title":"Settlement and load transfer mechanism of pile group due to side-by-side twin tunnelling","volume":"64","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2016.03.012","article-title":"Internal force calculation and supporting parameters sensitivity analysis of side piles in the subway station excavated by Pile- Beam-Arch method","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3208\/sandf.35.4_85","article-title":"Model Tests on Single Piles Subjected to Lateral Soil Movement","volume":"35","author":"Poulos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2016.03.005","article-title":"Full stress and displacement fields for steel-lined deep pressure tunnels in transversely anisotropic rock","volume":"56","author":"Bobet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-020-1693-7","article-title":"Experimental and numerical analyses for earth pressure distribution on high-filled cut-an-cover tunnels","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2009.08.004","article-title":"Study on the effect of a new construction method for a large span metro underground station in Tabriz-Iran","volume":"25","author":"Sadaghiani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2013.01.002","article-title":"Design of sequential excavation method for large span urban tunnels in soft ground-Niayesh tunnel","volume":"35","author":"Sharifzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s11709-016-0352-z","article-title":"Design concepts of an aircraft wing: Composite and morphing airfoil with auxetic structures","volume":"10","author":"Budarapu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Struct. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sandf.2013.08.013","article-title":"Finite element analysis of a deep excavation: A case study from the Bangkok MRT","volume":"53","author":"Likitlersuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2012.04.003","article-title":"Simulation of sequential excavation with the Boundary Element Method. Computers and Geotechnics","volume":"44","author":"Duenser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2008.03.005","article-title":"Comparison of analytical method, 3D finite element model with experimental subsidence measurements resulting from the extension of the Milan underground","volume":"36","author":"Migliazza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2011.06.007","article-title":"Numerical modeling of ground settlement control of large span underground metro station in Tehran Metro using Central Beam Column (CBC) structure","volume":"28","author":"Sadaghiani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2010.04.011","article-title":"A phase field model for rate-independent crack propagation: Robust algorithmic implementation based on operator splits","volume":"199","author":"Miehe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.2861","article-title":"Thermodynamically consistent phase-field models of fracture: Variational principles and multi-field FE implementations","volume":"83","author":"Miehe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2013.02.002","article-title":"Effects of important factors on surface settlement prediction for metro tunnel excavated by EPB","volume":"36","author":"Chakeri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2019.105306","article-title":"On the hydraulic fracturing in naturally-layered porous media using the phase field method","volume":"266","author":"Zhuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, B., Du, Y., Zeng, Y., Cao, B., Zou, Y., and Yu, Q. (2022). Study on Stress Field Distribution during the Construction of a Group of Tunnels Using the Pile-Beam-Arch Method. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12030300"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2011.01.002","article-title":"Ground movement prediction for tunnels using simplified procedure","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sysyn, M., Przybylowicz, M., Nabochenko, O., and Liu, J. (2021). Mechanism of Sleeper\u2013Ballast Dynamic Impact and Residual Settlements Accumulation in Zones with Unsupported Sleepers. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202107.0066.v1"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sysyn, M., Przybylowicz, M., Nabochenko, O., and Kou, L. (2021). Identification of Sleeper Support Conditions Using Mechanical Model Supported Data-Driven Approach. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113609"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/9\/1892\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:28:19Z","timestamp":1760142499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/9\/1892"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14091892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14091892","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]}}}