{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T23:35:44Z","timestamp":1776123344534,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2022R59"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R59"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The model of any epidemic illness is evolved from the current susceptibility. We aim to construct a model, based on the literature, different to the conventional examinations in epidemiology, i.e., what will occur depends on the susceptible cases, which is not always the case; one must consider a model with aspects such as infections, recoveries, deaths, and vaccinated populations. Much of this information may not be available. So without artificially assuming the unknown aspects, we frame a new model known as IVRD. Apart from qualitative evaluation, numerical evaluation has been completed to aid the results. A novel approach of calculating the fundamental reproduction\/transmission range is presented, with a view to estimating the largest number of aspects possible, with minimal restrictions on the spread of any disease. An additional novel aspect of this model is that we include vaccines with the actively infected cases, which is not common. A few infections such as rabies, ebola, etc., can apply this model. In general, the concept of symmetry or asymmetry will exist in every epidemic model. This model and method can be applied in scientific research in the fields of epidemic modeling, the medical sciences, virology, and other areas, particularly concerning rabies, ebola, and similar diseases, to show how immunity develops after being infected by these viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14091919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1663108648000},"page":"1919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Dynamics of a Novel IVRD Pandemic Model of a Large Population over a Long Time with Efficient Numerical Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4403-1752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maheswari","family":"Rangasamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore 641202, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3283-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazek","family":"Alessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3152-1592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prasantha Bharathi","family":"Dhandapani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore 641202, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6435-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karuppusamy","family":"Loganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, India"},{"name":"Research and Development Wing, Live4Research, Tiruppur 638106, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3934\/bioeng.2020018","article-title":"On Stiff Fuzzy IRD-14 day average transmission model of COVID-19 pandemic disease","volume":"7","author":"Bharathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIMS Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De la Sen, M., Ibeas, A., and Agarwal, R.P. 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