{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:20:01Z","timestamp":1776442801603,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka","award":["KPT(BS)850320045568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KPT(BS)850320045568"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka","award":["MMUE\/180060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMUE\/180060"]}]},{"name":"Fisabilillah Research &amp; Development Grant","award":["KPT(BS)850320045568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KPT(BS)850320045568"]}]},{"name":"Fisabilillah Research &amp; Development Grant","award":["MMUE\/180060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMUE\/180060"]}]},{"name":"Page Charge Scheme Multimedia University","award":["KPT(BS)850320045568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KPT(BS)850320045568"]}]},{"name":"Page Charge Scheme Multimedia University","award":["MMUE\/180060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMUE\/180060"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer (BC) remains the most dominant cancer among women worldwide. Numerous BC gene expression microarray-based studies have been employed in cancer classification and prognosis. The availability of gene expression microarray data together with advanced classification methods has enabled accurate and precise classification. Nevertheless, the microarray datasets suffer from a large number of gene expression levels, limited sample size, and irrelevant features. Additionally, datasets are often asymmetrical, where the number of samples from different classes is not balanced. These limitations make it difficult to determine the actual features that contribute to the existence of cancer classification in the gene expression profiles. Various accurate feature selection methods exist, and they are being widely applied. The objective of feature selection is to search for a relevant, discriminant feature subset from the basic feature space. In this review, we aim to compile and review the latest hybrid feature selection methods based on bio-inspired metaheuristic methods and wrapper methods for the classification of BC and other types of cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14101955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:08:09Z","timestamp":1663718889000},"page":"1955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Hybrid Feature Selection of Breast Cancer Gene Expression Microarray Data Based on Metaheuristic Methods: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nursabillilah","family":"Mohd Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka 76100, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Rosli","family":"Besar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Nor Azlina","family":"Ab. Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"313","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"70","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA. Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.92726","article-title":"Application of microarray in breast cancer: An overview","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2011.06.001","article-title":"Management of early invasive breast cancer in very young women (<35 years)","volume":"11","author":"Hartmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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