{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:11:04Z","timestamp":1760231464805,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cosmic rays interact with fields and background radiation as they propagate in space, producing particle cascades of various sizes, shapes and constituents. The potential observation of at least parts of such phenomena, referred to as cosmic-ray ensembles (CRE), from Earth would open a new channel of cosmic-ray investigation, since it might be a manifestation of fundamental symmetries of nature. Research dedicated to CRE is one of the main scientific objectives of the Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) Collaboration, and with this article we address one of the cornerstones of the relevant scientific program: the simulation method dedicated to CRE studies. Here we focus on CRE resulting from synchrotron radiation by high energy electrons as one of the most prevalent energy loss processes. Providing the example of simulation output analysis, we demonstrate the advantages of our approach as well as discuss the possibility of generalization of current research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14101961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:08:09Z","timestamp":1663718889000},"page":"1961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A New Method of Simulation of Cosmic-ray Ensembles Initiated by Synchrotron Radiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7848-4207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Sushchov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1956-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Homola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3699-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Piekarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Pedagogical University of Krak\u00f3w, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7376-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ophir","family":"Ruimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6352-5339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00e9vin","family":"Almeida Cheminant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0581-5423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaf","family":"Bar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Pedagogical University of Krak\u00f3w, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6117-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Bibrzycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Pedagogical University of Krak\u00f3w, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7113-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bohdan","family":"Hnatyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astronomical Observatory of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Observatorna Str. 3, 04053 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3735-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Mikl\u00f3s \u00fat 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3977-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"\u0141ozowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2830-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Nied\u017awiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Telecommunications, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5490-0835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Stuglik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5845-5487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arman","family":"Tursunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Institute of Physics, Silesian University in Opava, Bezru\u010dovo n\u00e1m. 13, CZ-74601 Opava, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2078-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Wibig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of \u00f3d\u017a, Pomorska 149\/153, 90-236 \u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0370-1573(99)00101-5","article-title":"Origin and propagation of extremely high-energy cosmic rays","volume":"327","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. 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