{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:43:28Z","timestamp":1768405408501,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51978430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the continuous development of engineering construction in China, more and more large-section highway tunnels have emerged. Different geological engineering environments determine the diversity of construction plans. The determination of construction plans and the prediction of tunnel deformations have always been the key points of engineering construction. In this paper, we use numerical simulations to determine specific construction parameters in the context of actual highway tunnel projects, and then use deep learning methods to predict deformation during tunnel construction, thus providing guidance for construction. We have found that: (i) Different excavation sequences and excavation depths have different effects on the surrounding rock deformation around the tunnel. The optimal excavation sequence through numerical simulation in this study is symmetrical excavation, and the excavation depth is 2 m. (ii) Numerical simulation based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm is used to predict the tunnel deformation. It is found that the prediction results of the LSTM algorithm are more consistent with the actual monitoring data. (iii) Multi-step prediction is more important for engineering guidance, and three-step prediction can be considered during the process of engineering construction. Therefore, the machine learning algorithm provides a new method for engineering prediction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14102019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T01:23:16Z","timestamp":1664414596000},"page":"2019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Deep Learning Method on Deformation Prediction for Large-Section Tunnels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Applied Technology College of Soochow University, 1 Daxue Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Kunshan 215325, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0140-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, 8 Jixue Road, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9713-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, 8 Jixue Road, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7080-1255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, 8 Jixue Road, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, 8 Jixue Road, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2017.07.003","article-title":"Key Techniques for the Construction of High-Speed Railway Large-Section Loess Tunnels","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2012.01.316","article-title":"Feasibility Study on Step Method Excavation of Tunnels with Large Cross Section and Small Interval","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. 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