{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T02:28:29Z","timestamp":1768012109932,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11602204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11602204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2682022ZTPY081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2682022ZTPY081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SZDKF-202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZDKF-202102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11602204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11602204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2682022ZTPY081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2682022ZTPY081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SZDKF-202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZDKF-202102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province","award":["11602204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11602204"]}]},{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province","award":["2682022ZTPY081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2682022ZTPY081"]}]},{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province","award":["SZDKF-202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZDKF-202102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Small-sized structural elements such as beams, plates, and shells are usually used as nanomechanical resonators, nanoscale mass sensors, nanoelectromechanical actuators, and nanoenergy harvesters. At the nanoscale, the structures usually possess a high surface area-to-bulk volume ratio, leading to the free energy related to surface atoms becoming considerable compared to that of the bulk part. Earlier reports indicated several physical reasons for size-dependent phenomena, e.g., nonlocal stress, surface energy, and couple stress. To provide an in-depth insight into the mechanical behavior of small-scale structures, size-dependent continuum models including two or more physical factors have attracted the attention of the academic community. This research analyzes the thermal buckling and postbuckling characteristics of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced (FG-CNTR) nanobeams with a tri-parameter, nonlinear elastic foundation and subjected to a uniform temperature rise. Chen-Yao\u2019s surface energy theory and Yang\u2019s symmetrical couple stress theory are combined to capture two types of size effects in nanobeams. The postbuckling model is formulated based on the Euler\u2013Bernoulli deformation hypothesis and Euler\u2013Lagrange equation. Using a two-step perturbation technique, the related postbuckling equilibrium path is determined. In numerical analysis, the impacts of surface energy, couple stress, elastic foundation, boundary conditions, geometric factor, layout type, and volume fraction of CNTs on the thermal buckling and postbuckling behaviors of nanobeams are revealed. It is indicated that considering couple stress or surface energy can lead to a significant increase in the postbuckling stability of nanobeams compared to the case in which it is not considered. In addition, there is a reverse competition between couple stress or surface energy effects on the thermal buckling responses of nanobeams. As the temperature rise will cause the material elastic moduli softening, the thermal buckling load\u2013deflection curves of nanobeams with the temperature-independent case are much higher than those with the temperature-dependent cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14112228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T11:53:55Z","timestamp":1666612435000},"page":"2228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Thermal Buckling and Postbuckling Behaviors of Couple Stress and Surface Energy-Enriched FG-CNTR Nanobeams"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7050-8676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liulin","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430000, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1018-0087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China"},{"name":"School of Automotive Engineering, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijengsci.2010.09.020","article-title":"Nonlocal nonlinear formulations for bending of classical and shear deformation theories of beams and plates","volume":"48","author":"Reddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2011.06.008","article-title":"Microstructure-dependent couple stress theories of functionally graded beams","volume":"59","author":"Reddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enganabound.2022.06.023","article-title":"Coupled dynamics of double beams reinforced with bidirectional functionally graded carbon nanotubes","volume":"143","author":"Ong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5096(03)00053-X","article-title":"Experiments and theory in strain gradient elasticity","volume":"51","author":"Lam","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Lei, J., Guo, S., Han, S., Ruan, J., and He, Y. (2022). Size-dependent vibration of multi-scale sandwich micro-beams: An experimental study and theoretical analysis. Thin Wall. Struct., 175.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2022.109115"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-018-4244-0","article-title":"Experimental investigation on size-dependent higher-mode vibration of cantilever microbeams","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2018.03.035","article-title":"A standard experimental method for determining the material length scale based on modified couple stress theory","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, J., He, Y., Guo, S., Li, Z., and Liu, D. (2016). Size-dependent vibration of nickel cantilever microbeams: Experiment and gradient elasticity. AIP Adv., 6.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4964660"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-7151(94)90502-9","article-title":"Strain gradient plasticity: Theory and experiment","volume":"42","author":"Fleck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2011.12.003","article-title":"Size effects in the torsion of microscale copper wires: Experiment and analysis","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scripta Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2014.11.012","article-title":"Torsional vibrations of a column of fine-grained material: A gradient elastic approach","volume":"76","author":"Polyzos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2017.05.044","article-title":"Torsional stress relaxation behavior of microscale copper wire","volume":"698","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7225(72)90070-5","article-title":"Nonlocal polar elastic continua","volume":"10","author":"Eringen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1063\/1.332803","article-title":"On differential equations of nonlocal elasticity and solutions of screw dislocation and surface waves","volume":"54","author":"Eringen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00253946","article-title":"Effects of couple-stresses in linear elasticity","volume":"11","author":"Mindlin","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch. Ration. Mech. An."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00253050","article-title":"Theories of elasticity with couple-stress","volume":"17","author":"Toupin","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch. Ration. Mech. An."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7683(02)00152-X","article-title":"Couple stress based strain gradient theory for elasticity","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2011.05.002","article-title":"Couple stress theory for solids","volume":"48","author":"Hadjesfandiari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7683(65)90006-5","article-title":"Second gradient of strain and surface-tension in linear elasticity","volume":"1","author":"Mindlin","year":"1965","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7683(68)90036-X","article-title":"On first strain-gradient theories in linear elasticity","volume":"4","author":"Mindlin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2015.07.012","article-title":"Second strain gradient elasticity of nano-objects","volume":"97","author":"Cordero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2015.10.018","article-title":"A reformulation of constitutive relations in the strain gradient elasticity theory for isotropic materials","volume":"80","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, G., Zhou, S., and Qi, L. (2020). On the strain gradient elasticity theory for isotropic materials. Int. J. Eng. Sci., 154.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijengsci.2020.103348"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00261375","article-title":"A continuum theory of elastic material surfaces","volume":"57","author":"Gurtin","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch. Ration. Mech. An."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00466-013-0899-7","article-title":"24-DOF quadrilateral hybrid stress element for couple stress theory","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Mech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7683(78)90008-2","article-title":"Surface stress in solids","volume":"14","author":"Gurtin","year":"1978","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2017.06.040","article-title":"A review of continuum mechanics models for size-dependent analysis of beams and plates","volume":"177","author":"Thai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roudbari, M.A., Jorshari, T.D., L\u00fc, C., Ansari, R., Kouzani, A.Z., and Amabili, M. (2022). A review of size-dependent continuum mechanics models for micro-and nano-structures. Thin Wall. Struct., 170.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2021.108562"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00033-013-0343-z","article-title":"A new Bernoulli\u2013Euler beam model incorporating microstructure and surface energy effects","volume":"65","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Z. Angew. Math. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00707-014-1189-y","article-title":"A new Timoshenko beam model incorporating microstructure and surface energy effects","volume":"226","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta. Mech."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00033-014-0455-0","article-title":"A microstructure-and surface energy-dependent third-order shear deformation beam model","volume":"66","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Z. Angew. Math. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00161-015-0413-x","article-title":"A non-classical Kirchhoff plate model incorporating microstructure, surface energy and foundation effects","volume":"28","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contin. Mech. Therm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X.L., and Zhang, G. (2016). A non-classical Mindlin plate model incorporating microstructure, surface energy and foundation effects. Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 472.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2016.0275"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1177\/1081286520917998","article-title":"A new isogeometric Timoshenko beam model incorporating microstructures and surface energy effects","volume":"25","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Math. Mech. Solids"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10483-019-2482-9","article-title":"Deep postbuckling and nonlinear bending behaviors of nanobeams with nonlocal and strain gradient effects","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Mech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2017.1323144","article-title":"The effects of agglomerated CNTs as reinforcement on the size-dependent vibration of embedded curved microbeams based on modified couple stress theory","volume":"25","author":"Allahkarami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2017.10.025","article-title":"Isogeometric analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite nanoplates using modified couple stress theory","volume":"184","author":"Thanh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Li, H., Liu, J., Shen, H., and Zhang, X. (2021). Surface energy-enriched gradient elastic Kirchhoff plate model and a novel weak-form solution scheme. Eur. J. Mech. A-Solids, 85.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechsol.2020.104118"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Li, H., Kong, L., Shen, H., and Zhang, X. (2020). Coupling effects of surface energy, strain gradient, and inertia gradient on the vibration behavior of small-scale beams. Int. J. Mech. Sci., 184.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2020.105834"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eftekhari, S.A., and Toghraie, D. (2022). Vibration and dynamic analysis of a cantilever sandwich microbeam integrated with piezoelectric layers based on strain gradient theory and surface effects. Appl. Math. Comput., 419.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2021.126867"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dangi, C., Lal, R., and Sukavanam, N. (2021). Effect of surface stresses on the dynamic behavior of bi-directional functionally graded nonlocal strain gradient nanobeams via generalized differential quadrature rule. Eur. J. Mech. A-Solids, 90.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechsol.2021.104376"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2017.07.055","article-title":"Nonlinear analysis of functionally graded nanoscale beams incorporating the surface energy and microstructure effects","volume":"131","author":"Shanab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2013.11.022","article-title":"Size-dependent bending analysis of Kirchhoff nano-plates based on a modified couple-stress theory including surface effects","volume":"79","author":"Shaat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2018.11.023","article-title":"A unified size-dependent plate model based on nonlocal strain gradient theory including surface effects","volume":"68","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.08.039","article-title":"Static analysis and boundary effect of FG-CNTRC cylindrical shells with various boundary conditions using quasi-3D shear and normal deformations theory","volume":"44","author":"Duong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duc, D.H., Thom, D.V., Cong, P.H., Minh, P.V., and Nguyen, N.X. (2022). Vibration and static buckling behavior of variable thickness flexoelectric nanoplates. Mech. Based. Des. Struc., 1\u201329.","DOI":"10.1080\/15397734.2022.2088558"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Do, T., Doan, D.H., Tho, N.C., and Duc, N.D. (2022). Thermal buckling analysis of cracked functionally graded plates. Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dy., 22.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219455422500894"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2017.09.059","article-title":"Phase-field thermal buckling analysis for cracked functionally graded composite plates considering neutral surface","volume":"182","author":"Doan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2013.06.002","article-title":"Nonlinear analysis of nanotube-reinforced composite beams resting on elastic foundations in thermal environments","volume":"56","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2009.04.026","article-title":"Nonlinear bending of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite plates in thermal environments","volume":"91","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, H.S. (2013). A Two-Step Perturbation Method in Nonlinear Analysis of Beams, Plates and Shells, Higher Education Press.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118649893"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2010.10.042","article-title":"Nonlocal beam model for nonlinear analysis of carbon nanotubes on elastomeric substrates","volume":"50","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2015.06.004","article-title":"Surface stress effects on the postbuckling behavior of geometrically imperfect cylindrical nanoshells subjected to combined axial and radial compressions","volume":"100","author":"Sahmani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2014.02.020","article-title":"Nonlinear analysis of shear deformable FGM beams resting on elastic foundations in thermal environments","volume":"81","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2013.01.007","article-title":"Non-linear thermal stability analysis of temperature dependent FGM beams supported on non-linear hardening elastic foundations","volume":"69","author":"Esfahani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/11\/2228\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:01:15Z","timestamp":1760144475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/11\/2228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14112228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14112228","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]]}}}