{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T15:41:31Z","timestamp":1762443691456,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51808187","BK20170879","2019B13514","1701086B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808187","BK20170879","2019B13514","1701086B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51808187","BK20170879","2019B13514","1701086B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808187","BK20170879","2019B13514","1701086B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51808187","BK20170879","2019B13514","1701086B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808187","BK20170879","2019B13514","1701086B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010242","name":"Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51808187","BK20170879","2019B13514","1701086B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808187","BK20170879","2019B13514","1701086B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main purpose of the study was to apply symmetry principles to general mathematical modeling based on a bi-level programming model in order to select the optimal nodes of the underground metro-based logistics system (M-ULS). The first step was to select the metro stations as alternative logistics distribution nodes based on the existing metro network. Secondly, given the requirements of suppliers and demanders, a bi-level programming model was built based on symmetry principles to minimize the total cost of logistics distribution nodes, including construction cost, transport cost, and fixed cost. The third objective was to use an efficient heuristic algorithm to solve the model to obtain the optimal location of the nodes of the logistics distribution. Lastly, Nanjing\u2019s Metro Line 2 was used as an example to validate the efficacy of the proposed model. The results of the case indicate that it is possible to deliver goods from logistics distribution nodes to demanders using the excess capacity of the metro, and the proposed bi-level programming model for M-ULS can be used to select suitable metro stations as distribution nodes and achieve the lowest cost on both the supply and demand sides of logistics while still ensuring the green and efficient transport of logistics services. References and suggestions for planning and selecting the location of logistics distribution nodes based on the metro network in the future can be found in this article.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14112411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T02:31:15Z","timestamp":1668479475000},"page":"2411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Location Selection of Metro-Based Distribution Nodes for Underground Logistics System with Bi-Level Programming Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Changjiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0614-0229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]},{"given":"Junze","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, January 15). China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing, National Logistics Operation Status Report, Available online: http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/shuju\/2022-01\/15\/content_5668333.htm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119838859","article-title":"Equilibrium and Optimal Location of Warehouses in Urban Areas: A Theoretical Analysis with Implications for Urban Logistics","volume":"2673","author":"Combes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.undsp.2017.08.002","article-title":"Urban underground logistics system in China: Opportunities or challenges?","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Undergr. Space"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2021.103947","article-title":"Planning and application of underground logistics systems in new cities and districts in China","volume":"113","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2017.08.027","article-title":"Present status and development trends of underground space in Chinese cities: Evaluation and analysis","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Network Planning Method for Capacitated Metro-Based Underground Logistics System","volume":"2018","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.02.075","article-title":"Node layout plans for urban underground logistics systems based on heuristic Bat algorithm","volume":"154","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunze, O. (2016, January 6\u20137). Replicators, Ground Drones and Crowd Logistics A Vision of Urban Logistics in the Year 2030. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference on Mobility and Transport Transforming Urban Mobility (TUM), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.12.088"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.11.033","article-title":"What's in the parcel locker? Exploring customer value in e-commerce last mile delivery","volume":"88","author":"Vakulenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2018.05.002","article-title":"Urban freight transport using passenger rail network: Scientific issues and quantitative analysis","volume":"115","author":"Behiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.04.037","article-title":"Collaborative urban transportation: Recent advances in theory and practice","volume":"273","author":"Cleophas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2012.688074","article-title":"The Role of Urban Consolidation Centres in Sustainable Freight Transport","volume":"32","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8022","DOI":"10.1021\/es400179w","article-title":"Electric Urban Delivery Trucks: Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Cost-Effectiveness","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2015.07.016","article-title":"Planning and operating a shared goods and passengers on-demand rapid transit system for sustainable city-logistics","volume":"81","author":"Fatnassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"53","article-title":"A new vehicle for urban freight? An ex-ante evaluation of electric cargo bikes in courier services","volume":"11","author":"Gruber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Transp. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101923","article-title":"Using system dynamics to analyze the development of urban freight transportation system based on rail transit: A case study of Beijing","volume":"53","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research on the Impacts of Underground Logistic System on Urban Development Based on System Dynamics","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Undergr. Space Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3934\/jimo.2021179","article-title":"Multi-Objective Optimization Model for Planning Metro-Based Underground Logistics System Network: Nanjing Case Study","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ind. Manag. Optim."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2022.02.014","article-title":"Joint optimization of carriage arrangement and flow control in a metro-based","volume":"159","author":"Di","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B-Methodol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villa, R., and Monzon, A. (2021). A Metro-Based System as Sustainable Alternative for Urban Logistics in the Era of E-Commerce. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13084479"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2021.10.020","article-title":"The impact of metro-based underground logistics system on city logistics performance under COVID-19 epidemic: A case study of Wuhan, China","volume":"116","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Lv, Y.B., and Guo, J.W. (2022). New Development Direction of Underground Logistics from the Perspective of Public Transport: A Systematic Review Based on Scientometrics. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14063179"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1108\/S2044-994120140000006010","article-title":"The Cargo Tram: Current Status and Perspectives, the Example of Brussels","volume":"6","author":"Strale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s40864-015-0024-7","article-title":"A Study of the Feasibility and Potential Implementation of Metro-Based Freight Transportation in Newcastle upon Tyne","volume":"1","author":"Dampier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban Rail Transit"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2016.1197349","article-title":"Moving freight on public transit: Best practices, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Cochrane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s40864-017-0073-1","article-title":"Innovative Interior Designs for Urban Freight Distribution Using Light Rail Systems","volume":"3","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban Rail Transit"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2018.09.012","article-title":"Sustainable crowdshipping using public transport: A case study evaluation in Rome","volume":"30","author":"Serafini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, W., Dong, J., Hwang, B.-G., Ren, R., and Chen, Z. (Int. J. Prod. Res., 2020). A preliminary prototyping approach for emerging metro-based underground logistics systems: Operation mechanism and facility layout, Int. J. Prod. Res., Ahead-of-print.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2020.1844333"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimization of a city Logistics Transportation System With Mixed Passengers and Goods","volume":"6","author":"Masson","year":"2015","journal-title":"EURO J. Transp. Logist."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2018.06.024","article-title":"Location selection of intra-city distribution hubs in the metro-integrated logistics system","volume":"80","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34407","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2974497","article-title":"Research on Location Optimization of Metro-Based Underground Logistics System With Voronoi Diagram","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"870","article-title":"Research on Bi-level Programming Model and Algorithm of Underground Logistics Node Location","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Undergr. Space Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Sheffi, Y. (1985). Urban Transportation Networks: Equilibrium Analysis With Mathematical Programming Methods., Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(96)00030-6","article-title":"Traffic restraint, road pricing and network equilibrium","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2020, May 27). Nanjing Municipal Postal Administration, Annual Report of Nanjing Urban Traffic, Available online: http:\/\/jsnj.spb.gov.cn\/xytj_3323\/tjxx\/202005\/t20200527_2248042.html."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/11\/2411\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:17:41Z","timestamp":1760145461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/11\/2411"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14112411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14112411","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]}}}