{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:33:14Z","timestamp":1760232794235,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vattenfall","award":["09-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing number of wind energy sites developed globally, has consequently resulted in a green-on-green predicament, due to an increase in avian mortality caused by collisions with wind turbines. The proportion of collision-related fatalities is not evenly distributed across species, indicating that some species groups are more prone to turbine collision. Such differences between species have been proposed to be affiliated with species-specific foraging and flight behavior. The aim of this study is to investigate how the flight behavioral traits; head position, active flight, track symmetry, and track tortuosity can be used to model collision risk along with other influencing factors i.e., weather variables (temperature, wind speed, and cloud coverage) and temporal variables (time of day and time of year). The study also sought to investigate the species-specificity of the four traits in relation to the phylogenetic relatedness of the study species. This was achieved through a case study at a wind farm on the Swedish island of Gotland in which the behavior of birds from 11 different genera was studied. The flight behavior of these species was assessed using data collected by the IdentiFlight system, e.g., flight trajectories and images of the birds throughout their flight track. The results confirm the species-specificity of the four flight behaviors and indicated that all four traits can be used to predict collision risk along with species as a categorical factor. The framework provided in this study along with the results of the case study can be used to identify risk-prone species based on phylogenetic relatedness and flight behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14122493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T05:35:08Z","timestamp":1669268108000},"page":"2493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Modeling Species-Specific Collision Risk of Birds with Wind Turbines: A Behavioral Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6556-7847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Cathrine","family":"Linder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6772-2652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriette","family":"Lyhne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0827-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bjarke","family":"Laubek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vattenfall Renewable Wind DK A\/S, 6000 Kolding, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9811-9194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Bruhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Skagen Bird Observatory, 9990 Skagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4644-8981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cino","family":"Pertoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Aalborg Zoo, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2006.00516.x","article-title":"Assessing the Impacts of Wind Farms on Birds","volume":"148","author":"Drewitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"IBIS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2006.00506.x","article-title":"Upland Raptors and the Assessment of Wind Farm Impacts","volume":"148","author":"Madders","year":"2006","journal-title":"IBIS"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01549.x","article-title":"Collision Fatality of Raptors in Wind Farms does not Depend on Raptor Abundance","volume":"45","author":"Janss","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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