{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T21:51:18Z","timestamp":1769205078875,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]],"date-time":"2022-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation and the \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","award":["TTP-2018-07-3554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTP-2018-07-3554"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nuclear isomers are the metastable excited states of nuclei. The isomers can be categorized into a few classes including spin, seniority, K, shape and fission isomers depending upon the hindrance mechanisms. In this paper, we aim to present an overview of seniority isomers, which is a category related to the seniority quantum number. The discussion is mainly based on the concepts of seniority and generalized seniority. Various aspects of seniority isomers and their whereabouts have been covered along with the situations where seniority mixing prevents the isomerism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14122680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T06:58:29Z","timestamp":1671433109000},"page":"2680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Overview of Seniority Isomers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-9746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhoomika","family":"Maheshwari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7663-6775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosuke","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, A.K., Maheshwari, B., and Goel, A. (2021). Nuclear Isomers-A Primer, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78675-5"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg, S., Maheshwari, B., Singh, B., Sun, Y., Goel, A., and Jain, A.K. (2022). Atlas of Nuclear Isomers-Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, Elsevier. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adt.2022.101546"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanihata, I., Toki, H., and Kajino, T. (2022). Nuclear Isomers. Handbook of Nuclear Physics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-6345-2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.63.367","article-title":"Theory of Complex Spectra. III","volume":"63","author":"Racah","year":"1943","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1952.0079","article-title":"Studies in jj-Coupling. 1st Classification of Nuclear and Atomic States","volume":"212","author":"Flowers","year":"1952","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Farkas, L. (1952). Nuclear Levels and Casimir Operator. Memorial, Research Council of Israel."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Talmi, I. (1993). Simple Models of Complex Nuclei, Harwood Academic Publishers. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowe, D.J., and Wood, J.L. (2010). Fundamentals of Nuclear Models-Foundational Models, World Scientific Publishing.","DOI":"10.1142\/6209"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Kota, V.K.B., and Devi, Y.D. (1996). Nuclear Shell Model and the Interacting Boson Model: Lecture Notes for Practitioners, Inter University Consortium for DAE Facilities."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casten, R.F. (2000). Nuclear Structure from a Simple Perspective, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198507246.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Lawson, R.D. (1980). Theory of the Nuclear Shell Model, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heyde, K.L.G. (2004). Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420054941"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.052501","article-title":"Partial Conservation of Seniority and Nuclear Isomerism","volume":"100","author":"Isacker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parikh, J.C. (1978). Group Symmetries in Nuclear Structure, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2376-1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.73.044302","article-title":"Seniority conservation and seniority violation in the g9\/2 shell","volume":"73","author":"Esuderos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014307","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.83.014307","article-title":"Partial conservation of seniority in the j = 9\/2 shell: Analytic and numerical studies","volume":"83","author":"Qi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012003","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/322\/1\/012003","article-title":"Seniority Isomers in Nuclei","volume":"322","author":"Isacker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2015.11.079","article-title":"Odd tensor electric transitions in high-spin Sn-isomers and generalized seniority","volume":"753","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(69)90418-3","article-title":"Seniority for nucleons in j = 9\/2 orbits","volume":"30","author":"Lanford","year":"1969","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044304","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.68.044304","article-title":"Low energy levels in 72Ni","volume":"68","author":"Sawicka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.99.132501","article-title":"Observation of Isomeric Decays in the r-Process Waiting-Point Nucleus 130Cd82","volume":"99","author":"Jungclaus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1605","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-3899\/31\/10\/041","article-title":"Isomers and seniority in the trans-Pb nuclei","volume":"31","author":"Ressler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. G Nucl. Part. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064313","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.77.064313","article-title":"New sub-\u03bcs isomers in 125,127,129Sn and isomer systematics of 124\u2013130Sn","volume":"77","author":"Lozeva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044328","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.83.044328","article-title":"First observation of the decay of a 15- seniority v = 4 isomer in 128Sn","volume":"83","author":"Pietri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.111.152501","article-title":"Isomers in 128Pd and 126Pd: Evidence for a Robust Shell Closure at the Neutron Magic Number 82 in Exotic Palladium Isotopes","volume":"111","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.162502","article-title":"New Isomers in the Full Seniority Scheme of Neutron-Rich Lead Isotopes: The Role of Effective Three-Body Forces","volume":"109","author":"Gottardo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.132502","article-title":"Yrast 6+ Seniority Isomers of 136,138Sn","volume":"113","author":"Simpson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012055","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/420\/1\/012055","article-title":"High-seniority states in spherical nuclei: Triple pair breaking in tin isotopes","volume":"420","author":"Astier","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054316","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.85.054316","article-title":"High-spin states with seniority v = 4, 5, and 6 in 119\u2013126Sn","volume":"85","author":"Astier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044324","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.89.044324","article-title":"Higher-seniority excitations in even neutron-rich Sn isotopes","volume":"89","author":"Iskra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024321","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.91.024321","article-title":"6+ isomers in neutron-rich Sn isotopes beyond N = 82 and effective interactions","volume":"91","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclphysa.2016.04.021","article-title":"Asymmetric behavior of the B(E2\u2191;0+\u21922+)values in 104\u2013130Sn and generalized seniority","volume":"952","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s12043-017-1475-z","article-title":"\u0394v = 2 seniority changing transitions in yrast 3- states and B(E3) systematics of Sn isotopes","volume":"89","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pramana-J. Phys. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"454","article-title":"Multiple Multi-Orbit Fermionic and Bosonic Pairing and Rotational SU(3) Algebras","volume":"44","author":"Kota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"73","article-title":"Goodness of Generalized Seniority in Semi-magic Nuclei","volume":"34","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclphysa.2019.03.019","article-title":"Generalized seniority Schmidt model and the g-factors in semi-magic nuclei","volume":"986","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclphysa.2019.121619","article-title":"Evolution of nuclear structure in and around Z = 50 closed shell: Generalized seniority in Cd, Sn and Te isotopes","volume":"992","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclphysa.2021.122277","article-title":"Generalized seniority isomers in and around Z = 82 closed shell: A survey of Hg, Pb and Po isotopes","volume":"1014","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024315","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.105.024315","article-title":"Puzzle on isomeric configurations in and around N = 126 closed shell","volume":"105","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3390\/physics4010024","article-title":"Trends in the Structure of Nuclei near 100Sn","volume":"4","author":"Gorska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2021.136591","article-title":"The (6+) isomer in 102Sn revisited: Neutron and proton effective charges close to the double shell closure","volume":"820","author":"Grawe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074004","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/aa7353","article-title":"Generalized seniority states and isomers in tin isotopes","volume":"92","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2021.136183","article-title":"Manifestation of the Berry phase in the atomic nucleus 213Pb","volume":"816","author":"Gottardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014303","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.93.014303","article-title":"Shell-model states with seniority v = 3, 5, and 7 in odd-A neutron-rich Sn isotopes","volume":"93","author":"Iskra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.062501","article-title":"Novel Shape Evolution in Sn Isotopes from Magic Numbers 50 to 82","volume":"121","author":"Togashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2011.08.033","article-title":"Generalized seniority and E2 transitions in the tin isotopes","volume":"703","author":"Morales","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044321","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.97.044321","article-title":"Spectroscopy of nuclei around 100Sn populated via two-neutron knockout reactions","volume":"97","author":"Corsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4916(61)90008-2","article-title":"Pairing forces and nuclear collective motion","volume":"12","author":"Kerman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.124.162","article-title":"Accuracy of the superconductivity approximation for pairing forces in nuclei","volume":"124","author":"Kerman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-5582(61)90285-1","article-title":"Symplectic invariants and flowers\u2019 classification of shell model states","volume":"23","author":"Helmers","year":"1961","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1143\/PTP.36.296","article-title":"Quasi-Spin formalism and matrix elements in the shell model","volume":"36","author":"Arima","year":"1966","journal-title":"Prog. Theory Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(71)90112-6","article-title":"Generalized seniority and structure of semi-magic nuclei","volume":"172","author":"Talmi","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(72)90773-7","article-title":"Shell-model hamiltonians with generalized seniority eigenstates","volume":"198","author":"Shlomo","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(78)90185-5","article-title":"A new seniority scheme for non-degenerate single particle orbits","volume":"77","author":"Otsuka","year":"1978","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.145.830","article-title":"Generalized seniority and the surface delta interaction","volume":"145","author":"Arvieu","year":"1966","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01338744","article-title":"\u00dcber die magnetischen Momente der Atomkerne","volume":"106","author":"Schmidt","year":"1937","journal-title":"Z. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.25.1033","article-title":"Hyperfine Fields at Ca42 in Ferromagnetic Metals and the g Factor of the 3.19-MeV 6+ State","volume":"25","author":"Marmor","year":"1970","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.12.813","article-title":"Lifetimes of the 61+ states in 42Ti and 46Ca and E2 effective charges in (1f7\/2\u00b12) nuclei","volume":"12","author":"Kutschera","year":"1975","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687c","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-9474(00)88527-9","article-title":"Study of \u03bcs-isomers in neutron-rich nuclei around Z = 28 and N = 40 shell closures","volume":"654","author":"Lewitowicz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115104","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-3899\/41\/11\/115104","article-title":"\u03b2 decay of 72Co and microsecond isomers in even-mass neutron-rich nickel isotopes","volume":"41","author":"Rajabali","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Lond. G"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051305","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.92.051305","article-title":"Two-hole structure outside 78Ni: Existence of a \u03bcs isomer of 76Co and \u03b2 decay into 76Ni","volume":"92","author":"Nishimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Mayer, M.G., and Jensen, J.H.D. (1955). Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01418655","article-title":"Proton h11\/22 and octupole excitations in Dy6614882 and Dy6614983","volume":"298","author":"Daly","year":"1980","journal-title":"Z. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(81)90374-2","article-title":"Energy levels and transition probabilities in 130Sn","volume":"352","author":"Fogelberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"245","article-title":"Transition probabilites between \u03bdh11\/2n states in Sn isotopes","volume":"323","author":"Daly","year":"1986","journal-title":"Z. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"487","article-title":"Decays of (\u03bdh11\/2n)10+ and (\u03c0d5\/2\u03bdh11\/2n)25\/2+ isomers in even-A Sn and odd-A Sb nuclei","volume":"328","author":"Lunardi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Z. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.68.1671","article-title":"Yrast isomers in tin nuclei from heavy ion collisions and the \u03bdh11\/2 subshell filling","volume":"68","author":"Broda","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(94)90537-1","article-title":"Gamma-ray studies of 119,121,123Sn isomers formed in deep inelastic heavy ion collisions","volume":"336","author":"Mayer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/1995\/T56\/015","article-title":"Yrast excitations of heavy tin region nuclei","volume":"T56","author":"Daly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024312","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.61.024312","article-title":"Microsecond isomers in 125,127,129Sn","volume":"61","author":"Pinston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"057305","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.62.057305","article-title":"Yrast isomers of (\u03bdh11\/2n) character in 125Sn and 126Sn","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054310","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.84.054310","article-title":"States built on the 10+ isomers in 118,120,122,124Sn","volume":"84","author":"Fotiades","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(80)90489-3","article-title":"Neutron excitations in even mass Sn nuclei","volume":"346","author":"Bron","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(88)90877-5","article-title":"Intruder deformed bands in 110Sn and 112Sn","volume":"207","author":"Harada","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-9474(98)80004-3","article-title":"Coexisting structures in 115Sn and 116Sn","volume":"637","author":"Savelius","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-9474(01)00564-4","article-title":"Collectivity of the intruder bands in 114Sn","volume":"691","author":"Gableske","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1140\/epja\/i2004-10144-3","article-title":"Gamma-ray spectroscopy in 110Sn and 111Sn","volume":"24","author":"Kownacki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. A"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"017301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.81.017301","article-title":"Coexistence of collective and noncollective structures in 118Sn","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(79)90653-5","article-title":"Collective Bands in Even Mass Sn Isotopes","volume":"318","author":"Bron","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9002(90)90922-S","article-title":"The evaluated nuclear structure data file: Philosophy, content, and uses","volume":"286","author":"Burrows","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"107","article-title":"Structural trends in atomic nuclei from laser spectroscopy of tin","volume":"3","author":"Yordanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Comm. Phys."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Stone, N.J. (2022, October 01). Table of Nuclear Magnetic Dipole and Electric Quadrupole Moments; INDC(NDS)-0658. Available online: www-nds.iaea.org\/publications."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01291171","article-title":"Nuclear structure of the yrast 6+, 10+ and 14\u2013 states in 106Sn","volume":"349","author":"Makishima","year":"1994","journal-title":"Z. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/66\/4\/205","article-title":"Nuclear magnetic and quadrupole moments for nuclear structure research on exotic nuclei","volume":"66","author":"Neyens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-1573(83)90085-6","article-title":"Coexistence in odd-mass nuclei","volume":"102","author":"Heyde","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"269","article-title":"Shape coexistence in the neutron deficient Pb isotopes and the configuration-constrained shell correction approach","volume":"334","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Z. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ns.40.120190.002255","article-title":"Nuclear Shapes in Mean Field Theory","volume":"40","author":"Aberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-1573(92)90095-H","article-title":"Coexistence in even-mass nuclei","volume":"215","author":"Wood","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012649513990","article-title":"Shape coexistence around the Z = 82 closed shell probed by \u03b1-decay","volume":"129","author":"Duppen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hyperfine Interact."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/35013012","article-title":"A triplet of differently shaped spin-zero states in the atomic nucleus 186Pb","volume":"405","author":"Andreyev","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R109","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-3899\/27\/7\/201","article-title":"Intruder states in very neutron-deficient Hg, Pb and Po nuclei","volume":"27","author":"Julin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phys. G"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0370-2693(03)00330-7","article-title":"Shape coexistence in 186Pb: Beyond-mean-field description by configuration mixing of symmetry restored wave functions","volume":"559","author":"Duguet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"082502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.082502","article-title":"Unveiling the Origin of Shape Coexistence in Lead Isotopes","volume":"93","author":"Egido","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054319","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.69.054319","article-title":"Beyond mean field description of shape coexistence in neutron-deficient Pb isotopes","volume":"69","author":"Egido","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034323","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.69.034323","article-title":"Evolving shape coexistence in the lead isotopes: The geometry of configuration mixing in nuclei","volume":"69","author":"Frank","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064303","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.69.064303","article-title":"Configuration mixing of angular momentum projected self-consistent mean-field states for neutron-deficient Pb isotopes","volume":"69","author":"Bender","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.97.062501","article-title":"Collectivity and Configuration Mixing in 186,188Pb and 194Po","volume":"97","author":"Grahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1140\/epja\/i2010-10905-3","article-title":"On the character of three 8+ states in 192Pb","volume":"43","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. A"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.83.1467","article-title":"Shape coexistence in atomic nuclei","volume":"83","author":"Heyde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034322","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.86.034322","article-title":"Shape coexistence in lead isotopes in the interacting boson model with a Gogny energy density functional","volume":"86","author":"Nomura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061303","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.90.061303","article-title":"Probing shape coexistence by \u03b1 decays to 0+ states","volume":"90","author":"Delion","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162701","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.112.162701","article-title":"Shape Coexistence in the Neutron-Deficient Even-Even 182\u2013188Hg Isotopes Studied via Coulomb Excitation","volume":"112","author":"Bree","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024004","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-3899\/43\/2\/024004","article-title":"In-beam spectroscopic studies of shape coexistence and collectivity in the neutron-deficient Z\u224a82 nuclei","volume":"43","author":"Julin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. G Nucl. Part. Phys."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024008","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-3899\/43\/2\/024008","article-title":"Shape coexistence in the microscopically guided interacting boson model","volume":"43","author":"Nomura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. G Nucl. Part. Phys."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035105","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6471\/aaa9df","article-title":"Study of isomeric states in 198,200,202,206Pb and 206Hg populated in fragmentation reactions","volume":"45","author":"Rudolph","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. G Nucl. Part. Phys."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.28.1060","article-title":"Electromagnetic properties of isomers in 210Pb","volume":"28","author":"Decman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Fricke, G., and Heilig, K. (2004). Nuclear Charge Radii, Springer."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075105","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6471\/abf7d7","article-title":"The kinks in charge radii across N = 82 and 126 revisited","volume":"48","author":"Bhuyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. G Nucl. Part. Phys."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2017.09.025","article-title":"Partial conservation of seniority and its unexpected influence on E2 transitions in g9\/2 nuclei","volume":"773","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.129.112501","article-title":"Evidence of Partial Seniority Conservation in the \u03c0g9\/2 Shell for the N = 50 Isotones","volume":"129","author":"Gadea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L031304","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.105.L031304","article-title":"Nature of seniority symmetry breaking in the semi-magic nucleus 94Ru","volume":"105","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.63.860","article-title":"Exotic N = 82 nuclei 153Lu and 154Hf and filling of the \u03c0h11\/2 subshell","volume":"63","author":"McNeill","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064316","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.85.064316","article-title":"High-spin structures of five N = 82 isotopes: Xe54136, Cs55137, Ba56138, La57139, and Ce58140","volume":"85","author":"Astier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064317","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.100.064317","article-title":"Fine structure in the \u03b1 decay of 219U","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011303(R)","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.98.011303","article-title":"Spins and electromagnetic moments of 101\u2013109Cd","volume":"98","author":"Yordanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1140\/epja\/i2014-14002-5","article-title":"High-spin structures of 124\u2013131Te: Competition of proton- and neutron-pair breakings","volume":"50","author":"Astier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. A"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclphysa.2015.07.012","article-title":"Analysis of proton and neutron pair breakings: High-spin structures of 124\u2013127Te isotopes","volume":"942","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061302(R)","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.80.061302","article-title":"Nuclear structure \u201csoutheast\u201d of 208Pb: Isomeric states in 208Hg and 209Tl","volume":"80","author":"Regan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1140\/epja\/i2006-08-040-7","article-title":"Nuclear structure far off stability-Implications for nuclear astrophysics","volume":"27","author":"Grawe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. A"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppnp.2012.10.002","article-title":"The structure of 100Sn and neighbouring nuclei","volume":"69","author":"Faestermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044311","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.96.044311","article-title":"Properties of \u03b3-decaying isomers and isomeric ratios in the 100Sn region","volume":"96","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01419077","article-title":"A 150 ms 10+ Isomer in 146Dy","volume":"305","author":"Gui","year":"1982","journal-title":"Z. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01415123","article-title":"Very Proton Rich Nuclei with N\u224a82 I. In-Beam \u03b3 Spectroscopy: Seniority isomerism in 150Er","volume":"306","author":"Nolte","year":"1982","journal-title":"Z. Phys. A"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/12\/2680\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:43:37Z","timestamp":1760147017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/12\/2680"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14122680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14122680","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]]}}}