{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T03:28:15Z","timestamp":1771039695508,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Future University in Egypt (FUE)","award":["2000$"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2000$"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Voltage constraints usually place restrictions on how distributed generation (DG) can be connected to weak distribution networks. As DG capacity increases, active voltage control techniques are needed. Active approaches can greatly lower connection costs while boosting the capacity of connectable DG when used in place of the passive strategy. In this article, a modified active voltage control algorithm is used on an IEEE 33 bus system to test the robustness and reliability of the control algorithm under severe conditions. The simulations are carried out using the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) method. Real-time simulations are used to test data transfer and the reliability of the control algorithm\u2019s execution. The analysis is based on a three-phase symmetric power system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15010090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T02:59:01Z","timestamp":1672282741000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Modern Active Voltage Control in Distribution Networks, including Distributed Generation, Using the Hardware-in-the-Loop Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6490-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beshoy Nabil Fahmy","family":"Fanos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Power & Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Mohammad H.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Power & Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Hossam E. A.","family":"Talaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11517, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6603-7434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud A.","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Power & Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, N., Allan, R., Crossley, P., Kirschen, D., and Strbac, G. (2000). System studies. Embedded Generation, The Institution of Electrical Engineers.","DOI":"10.1049\/PBPO031E_ch3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.3390\/en15031065","article-title":"The Dominant Motives of Mergers and Acquisitions in the Energy Sector in Western Europe from the Perspective of Green Economy","volume":"15","author":"Niemczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3137092","article-title":"Locational Tariff Structure for Radial Network Fixed Costs in a DER Context","volume":"10","author":"Etchebehere","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2009.2038783","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of Feed-In Tariffs and Carbon Taxes on Distribution Systems","volume":"25","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anzalchi, A., and Sarwat, A. (2015, January 15\u201317). Analysis of Carbon Tax as an Incentive Toward Building Sustainable Grid with Renewable Energy Utilization. Proceedings of the 2015 Seventh Annual IEEE Green Technologies Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GREENTECH.2015.42"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcelo, J.A., Rupolo, D., and Mantovani, J.R.S. (2021, January 18\u201321). A New Approach to Determine a Distribution Network Usage Fee for Distributed Generators. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), Espoo, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGTEurope52324.2021.9640015"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1109\/TLA.2010.5623509","article-title":"Reliability Options in Distribution Planning Using Distributed Generation","volume":"8","author":"Trebolle","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Lat. Am. Trans."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5075","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2012.2219840","article-title":"A Generalized Approach for DG Planning and Viability Analysis Under Market Scenario","volume":"60","author":"Jain","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, L.L.C., Canha, L.N., Bernardon, D.P., Neto, N.K., and Pressi, R.A. (2015, January 5\u20137). Mapping of energetic potential in Southern Brazil to insertion of DG in distribution systems. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latin America (ISGT LATAM), Montevideo, Uruguay.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT-LA.2015.7381173"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2014.2297971","article-title":"Coordinated voltage control in distribution networks including several distributed energy resources","volume":"5","author":"Kulmala","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-gtd:20020218","article-title":"Maximising penetration of wind generation in existing distribution networks","volume":"149","author":"Liew","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, A., Ganguly, S., and Kumar, C. (2020, January 16\u201319). Model Predictive Control based Coordinated Voltage Control in Active Distribution Networks utilizing OLTC and DSTATCOM. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES), Jaipur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/PEDES49360.2020.9379823"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2021.3118404","article-title":"Cost-Effective Coordinated Voltage Control in Active Distribution Networks With Photovoltaics and Mobile Energy Storage Systems","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2016.2576405","article-title":"Distributed Control of Voltage Regulating Devices in the Presence of High PV Penetration to Mitigate Ramp-Rate Issues","volume":"9","author":"Chamana","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2904532","article-title":"A Coordinated Real-Time Voltage Control Approach for Increasing the Penetration of Distributed Generation","volume":"14","author":"Othman","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q., Wang, H., and Yu, D. (November, January 30). Hierarchical Coordinated Voltage Correction Scheme for Active Distribution Network. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 4th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2), Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/EI250167.2020.9347359"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108731","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3101463","article-title":"An Average Voltage Approach to Control Energy Storage Device and Tap Changing Transformers under High Distributed Generation","volume":"9","author":"Tshivhase","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2021.3095523","article-title":"Distributed Coordinated Voltage Control for Distribution Networks With DG and OLTC Based on MPC and Gradient Projection","volume":"37","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2022.3147446","article-title":"Optimal Distributed Control of AC Microgrids With Coordinated Voltage Regulation and Reactive Power Sharing","volume":"13","author":"Mohiuddin","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nandasiri, N., Pang, C., and Aravinthan, V. (2017, January 17\u201319). Marginal levelized cost of energy bases optimal operation of distribution system considering photovoltaics. Proceedings of the 2017 North American Power Symposium (NAPS), Morgantown, WV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/NAPS.2017.8107301"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shigenobu, R., Yona, A., and Senjyu, T. (2017, January 18\u201321). Demand response considering participation rate in smart grid: Two level optimal management for DisCo and customers. Proceedings of the 2017 17th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS), Jeju, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICCAS.2017.8204336"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.3390\/en15051843","article-title":"Analysis of Voltage and Reactive Power Algorithms in Low Voltage Networks","volume":"15","author":"Radziukynas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2020.2983431","article-title":"Coordinated Voltage and Frequency Control in Hybrid AC\/MT-HVDC Power Grids for Stability Improvement","volume":"36","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, H., Li, Q., and Lv, Z. (2019, January 22\u201324). Multi-level Voltage Interaction Control in Active Distribution Network Based on MPC. Proceedings of the 2019 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAC48633.2019.8997259"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2018.2890621","article-title":"Double-Time-Scale Coordinated Voltage Control in Active Distribution Networks Based on MPC","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2019.2952171","article-title":"Decentralized Model Predictive Control of Hybrid Distribution Transformers for Voltage Regulation in Active Distribution Networks","volume":"11","author":"Kou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2020.3001115","article-title":"Robust Constrained Model Predictive Voltage Control in Active Distribution Networks","volume":"12","author":"Maharjan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, Z., Liu, Y., Yan, J., Liao, Y., Miao, C., and Zhao, R. (2022, January 15\u201316). Voltage control strategy of AVC system based on Data Mining. Proceedings of the 2022 14th International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA), Changsha, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMTMA54903.2022.00060"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ping, B., Zhang, X., Song, Q., Yu, Y., Wu, N., and Ji, X. (2020, January 6\u20138). Voltage control strategy for integrated medium and low voltage distribution network based on active-reactive power coordination optimization. Proceedings of the 2020 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAC51589.2020.9327715"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2022.3162909","article-title":"Coordinated Real-Time Voltage Control in Active Distribution Networks: An Incentive-Based Fairness Approach","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2021.3088873","article-title":"Decentralized Control Strategy to Improve Fairness in Active Power Curtailment of PV Inverters in Low-Voltage Distribution Networks","volume":"12","author":"Gerdroodbari","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4214","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2022.3153954","article-title":"Distributed Voltage Control of Active Distribution Networks With Global Sensitivity","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahmy, B.N., Soliman, M.H., and Talaat, H.E.A. (2019, January 17\u201319). Active Voltage Control in Distribution Networks including Distributed Generations using Hardware-in-the-Loop Technique. Proceedings of the 2019 21st International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEPCON47431.2019.9008063"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulmala, A., Repo, S., and J\u00e4rventausta, P. (2007, January 1\u20135). Active voltage level management of distribution networks with distributed generation using on load tap changing transformers. Proceedings of the Power Tech, 2007 IEEE Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/PCT.2007.4538360"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s00202-021-01357-8","article-title":"Adaptive on-load tap-changing voltage control for active distribution networks","volume":"104","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.30941\/CESTEMS.2020.00035","article-title":"Smart transformer-based medium voltage grid support by means of active power control","volume":"4","author":"Giacomuzzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"CES Trans. Electr. Mach. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1049\/gtd2.12413","article-title":"Voltage control loss factors for quantifying DG reactive power control impacts on losses and curtailment","volume":"16","author":"Deakin","year":"2022","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"46","article-title":"A Novel Distribution System Power Flow Algorithm using Forward Backward Matrix Method","volume":"10","author":"Meerimatha","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOSR J. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conti, S., Raiti, S., and Vagliasindi, G. (2010, January 4\u20137). Voltage sensitivity analysis in radial MV distribution networks using constant current models. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Bari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIE.2010.5637545"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/15\/1\/90\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:54:58Z","timestamp":1760147698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/15\/1\/90"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["sym15010090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym15010090","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]}}}