{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T03:00:57Z","timestamp":1771038057590,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University","award":["RGP.1\/133\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.1\/133\/43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The synergetic control technique (SCT) has the solution for understanding the symmetry inherent in the non-linear properties of wind turbines (WTs); therefore, they achieve excellent performance and enhance the operation of the WT. Small-scale WTs are efficient and cost-effective; they are usually installed close to where the generated electricity is used. This technology is gaining popularity worldwide for off-grid electricity generation, such as in rural homes, farms, small factories, and commercial properties. To enhance the efficiency of the WT, it is vital to operate the WT at its maximum power. This work proposes an efficient and fast maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique based on the SCT to eradicate the drawbacks of the conventional methods and enhance the operation of the WT at the MPP regardless of wind speed and load changes. The SCT has advantages, such as robustness, simplified design, fast response, no requirement for knowledge of WT characteristics, no need for wind sensors or intricate power electronics, and straightforward implementation. Furthermore, it improves speed convergence with minimal steady-state oscillations at the MPP. The investigated configuration involves a wind-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), uncontrolled rectifier, boost converter, and variable load. The two converters are used to integrate the PMSG with the load. Three scenarios (step changes in wind speed, stochastic changes in wind speed, and variable electrical load) are studied to assess the SCT. The results prove a high performance of the suggested MPPT control method for a fast convergence speed, boosted WT efficacy, low oscillation levels, and applicability under a variety of environmental situations. This work used the MATLAB\/Simulink program and was then implemented on a dSPACE 1104 control board to assess the efficacy of the SCT. Furthermore, experimental validation on a 1 kW Darrieus-type WT driving a PMSG was performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15020369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T07:34:41Z","timestamp":1675064081000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Application of a Novel Synergetic Control for Optimal Power Extraction of a Small-Scale Wind Generation System with Variable Loads and Wind Speeds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hamza","family":"Boudjemai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRECOM Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1258-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sid Ahmed El Mehdi","family":"Ardjoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRECOM Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Houcine","family":"Chafouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRSEEM, ESIGELEC, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8290-6743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mouloud","family":"Denai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1750-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z. M. Salem","family":"Elbarbary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Electric Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0549-3591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed I.","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department, The Higher Institute of Engineering at El-Shorouk City, El-Shorouk Academy, Cairo 11837, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2460-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Metwally","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.06.065","article-title":"Design and Development of Small Wind Turbine for Power Generation through High Velocity Exhaust Air","volume":"145","author":"Nimje","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. 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