{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T20:00:04Z","timestamp":1766088004570,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia","award":["FEWM-2020-0037 (TUSUR)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEWM-2020-0037 (TUSUR)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depending on their motivation, offenders have different goals, and disclosure of information is not always such a goal. It often happens that the purpose of the offender is to disrupt the normal operation of the system. This can be achieved both by acting directly on the information and by acting on the elements of the system. Actions of this kind lead to a violation of integrity and availability, but not confidentiality. It follows that the process of forming a threat model for the integrity and availability of information differs from a similar process for confidentiality threats. The purpose of this study is to develop an information integrity threat model that focuses on threats disrupting the normal operation of the system. The research methodology is based on the methods of system analysis, graph theory, discrete mathematics, and automata theory. As a result of the research, we proposed a model of threats to the integrity and availability of information. The proposed threat model differs from analogues by a high level of abstraction without reference to the subject area and identification of threats to the availability of information as a subset of threats to the integrity of the information transmission channel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15020431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T04:59:10Z","timestamp":1675659550000},"page":"431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Model of Threats to the Integrity and Availability of Information Processed in Cyberspace"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4770-0701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolay Sergeevich","family":"Egoshin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Security, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 40 Lenina Prospect, 634000 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3222-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton Aleksandrovich","family":"Konev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Security, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 40 Lenina Prospect, 634000 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr Aleksandrovich","family":"Shelupanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Security, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 40 Lenina Prospect, 634000 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelupanov, A., Evsyutin, O., Konev, A., Kostyuchenko, E., Kruchinin, D., and Nikiforov, D. (2019). Information Security Methods\u2014Modern Research Directions. Symmetry, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11020150"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1488\/1\/012002","article-title":"Computer network threat modelling","volume":"1488","author":"Novokhrestov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novokhrestov, A., Konev, A., and Shelupanov, A. (2019). Model of Threats to Computer Network Software. Symmetry, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11121506"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcip.2010.09.001","article-title":"Analysis of information flow security in cyber-physical systems","volume":"3","author":"Akella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. Prot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcip.2012.08.002","article-title":"Modeling security in cyber-physical systems","volume":"5","author":"Burmester","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. Prot."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Pendergrass, J.C., Heart, K., Ranganathan, C., and Venkatakrishnan, V.N. (2022, November 01). A Threat Table Based Approach to Telemedicine Security. In Transactions of the International Conference on Health Information Technology Advancement. Available online: https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:3329736."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seifert, D., and Reza, H. (2016). A Security Analysis of Cyber-Physical Systems Architecture for Healthcare. Computers, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers5040027"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ruiz, G., Heymann, E., C\u00e9sar, E., and Miller, B.P. (2012). Automating Threat Modeling through the Software Development Life-Cycle. XXIII Jorn. Paralelismo, 21\u201338. Available online: https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:14252675."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4621587","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4621587","article-title":"PMCAP: A Threat Model of Process \u201cMemory Data on the Windows Operating System\u201d","volume":"2017","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.599","article-title":"Unified threat model for analyzing and evaluating software threats","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"21","article-title":"Threat modeling for aviation computer security","volume":"28","author":"Baquero","year":"2015","journal-title":"CrossTalk"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"31","article-title":"Security issues in smart homes and mobile health system: Threat analysis, possible countermeasures and lessons learned","volume":"9","author":"Olayemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Technol. Secur."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i21\/95282","article-title":"Analyzing Impacts of Cloud Computing Threats in Attack based Classification Models","volume":"9","author":"Kamatchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, W., Krantz, F., and Lagerstr\u00f6m, R. (2019). Threat Modeling and Attack Simulations of Connected Vehicles: A Research Outlook. ICISSP.","DOI":"10.5220\/0007412104790486"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-011-9770-6","article-title":"Threat Modeling for Electronic Health Record Systems","volume":"36","author":"Almulhem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeboah-Ofori, A., and Islam, S. (2019). Cyber Security Threat Modeling for Supply Chain Organizational Environments. Future Internet, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11030063"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, B., Li, X., and Du, Z. (2012). A Threat Model-Driven Security Testing Approach for Web Application. Contemp. Res. E-Bus. Technol. Strategy, 158\u2013168.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34447-3_14"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2318","article-title":"Threat Modeling Framework for Electrical Distribution SCADA Networks","volume":"23","author":"Arokia","year":"2015","journal-title":"MEJSR"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2009.04.012","article-title":"Rethinking security properties, threat models, and the design space in sensor networks: A case study in SCADA systems","volume":"7","author":"Cardenas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.30534\/ijeter\/2019\/11792019","article-title":"Threat Model for IoT Systems on the Example of OpenUNB Protocol","volume":"7","author":"Shelupanov","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJATCSE"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Ingalsbe, J.A., Shoemaker, D., and Mead, N.R. (2011). Threat Modeling the Cloud Computing, Mobile Device Toting, Consumerized Enterprise\u2014An overview of considerations. AMCIS, Available online: https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/amcis2011_submissions\/359."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-010-0115-7","article-title":"A privacy threat analysis framework: Supporting the elicitation and fulfillment of privacy requirements","volume":"16","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Requir. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Brown-White, J., Cobb, L.B., DelGrosso, J., Foroughi, E., Ganjali, A., Moghnie, S., Ozmore, N., Padmanabhan, R., Schoenfield, B., and Tarandach, I. (2019). Tactical threat modeling. Safecode, Available online: https:\/\/safecode.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/SAFECode_TM_Whitepaper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2005.119","article-title":"Demystifying the Threat-Modeling Process. Security & Privacy","volume":"3","author":"Torr","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. Priv."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"171","article-title":"Threat-driven design and analysis of secure software architectures","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Inf. Assur. Secur."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"269","article-title":"A security evaluation framework based on STRIDE model for software in networks","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"489","article-title":"Classification of security threats in information systems","volume":"32","author":"Jouini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Conf. Ambient. Syst. Netw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3103\/S0146411615080106","article-title":"Adaptive reflexivity threat protection","volume":"49","author":"Lavrova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autom. Control. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2015.2453215","article-title":"Modeling and Verification of Insider Threats Using Logical Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Kammuller","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2014.12.002","article-title":"Integrated smart grid systems security threat model","volume":"53","author":"Suleiman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4018\/IJSSE.2015070103","article-title":"An Alternative Threat Model-based Approach for Security Testing","volume":"6","author":"Falah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Secur. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"301","article-title":"A social dimensional cyber threat model with formal concept analysis and fact-proposition inference","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s12209-009-0029-y","article-title":"Threat modeling-oriented attack path evaluating algorithm","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. Tianjin Univ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2016.2529584","article-title":"Asymmetric Threat Modeling Using HMMs: Bernoulli Filtering and Detectability Analysis","volume":"64","author":"Granstrom","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zegzhda, P.D., Zegzhda, D.P., Kalinin, M.O., and Konoplev, A.S. (2012). Security Modeling of Grid Systems Using Petri Nets. MMM-ACNS, 299\u2013308.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33704-8_25"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-03559-4","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning in dynamic cyber risk analytics at the edge","volume":"2","author":"Radanliev","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egoshin, N., Konev, A., and Shelupanov, A. (2020). A model of threats to the confidentiality of information processed in cyberspace based on the information flows model. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12111840"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Mouna, J., and Latifa, B.A. (2016). Handbook of Research on Modern Cryptographic Solutions for Computer and Cyber Security, IGI Globa. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/313241139_Threat_classification_State_of_art."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ruf, L., Thorn, A., Christen, T., Gruber, B., Portmann, R., and Luzer, H. (2022, November 01). Threat Modeling in Security Architecture\u2014The Nature of Threats. In ISSS Working Group on Security Architectures. Available online: https:\/\/scribd.com\/document\/47730732\/ISSS-AG-Security-Architecture-Threat-Modeling-Lukas-Ruf."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Information system security threats classifications","volume":"31","author":"Geric","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Inf. Organ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13451-5","article-title":"New and emerging forms of data and technologies: Literature and bibliometric review","volume":"82","author":"Radanliev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/15\/2\/431\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:25:30Z","timestamp":1760120730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/15\/2\/431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["sym15020431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym15020431","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]}}}