{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T17:13:14Z","timestamp":1780333994834,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62172095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62172095"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020J01875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020J01875"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022J01644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022J01644"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["62172095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62172095"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["2020J01875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020J01875"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["2022J01644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022J01644"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Efficient clustering and routing is a main challenge in a wireless sensor network (WSN). To achieve better quality-of-service (QoS) performance, this work introduces k-medoids with improved artificial-bee-colony (K-IABC)-based energy-efficient clustering and the cross-layer-based Harris-hawks-optimization-algorithm (CL-HHO) routing protocol for WSN. To overcome the power-asymmetry problem in wireless sensor networks, a cross-layer-based optimal-routing solution is proposed. The goal of cross-layer routing algorithms is to decrease network-transmission delay and power consumption. This algorithm which was used to evaluate and select the effective path route and data transfer was implemented using MATLAB, and the results were compared to some existing techniques. The proposed CL-HHO performs well in packet-loss ratio (PLR), throughput, end-to-end delay (E2E), jitter, network lifetime (NLT) and buffer occupancy. These results are then validated by comparing them to traditional routing strategies such as hierarchical energy-efficient data gathering (HEED), energy-efficient-clustering routing protocol (EECRP), Grey wolf optimization (GWO), and cross-layer-based Ant-Lion optimization (CL-ALO). Compared to the HEED, EECRP, GWO, and CL-ALO algorithms, the proposed CL-HHO outperforms them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15020438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T03:57:16Z","timestamp":1675828636000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["A Hybrid Cross Layer with Harris-Hawk-Optimization-Based Efficient Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3008-8782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingsi","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Applications, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3050-0474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramalingam","family":"Shanmugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ECE, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore 641202, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9267-4381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SatheeshKumar","family":"Palanisamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ECE, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4750-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osamah Ibrahim","family":"Khalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Nahrain Renewable Energy Research Center, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64074, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhanasekaran","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ECE, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore 641202, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghaida Muttashar","family":"Abdulsahib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad 64074, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Lee, D., Hwang, J., Hong, S., Shin, D., and Shin, D. 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