{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T22:21:50Z","timestamp":1780611710556,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers","award":["PNURSP2023R321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R321"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers","award":["R.G.P.1\/224\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.G.P.1\/224\/43"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["PNURSP2023R321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R321"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["R.G.P.1\/224\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.G.P.1\/224\/43"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University (KKU)","award":["PNURSP2023R321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R321"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University (KKU)","award":["R.G.P.1\/224\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.G.P.1\/224\/43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A brain tumor can have an impact on the symmetry of a person\u2019s face or head, depending on its location and size. If a brain tumor is located in an area that affects the muscles responsible for facial symmetry, it can cause asymmetry. However, not all brain tumors cause asymmetry. Some tumors may be located in areas that do not affect facial symmetry or head shape. Additionally, the asymmetry caused by a brain tumor may be subtle and not easily noticeable, especially in the early stages of the condition. Brain tumor classification using deep learning involves using artificial neural networks to analyze medical images of the brain and classify them as either benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). In the field of medical imaging, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have been used for tasks such as the classification of brain tumors. These models can then be used to assist in the diagnosis of brain tumors in new cases. Brain tissues can be analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). By misdiagnosing forms of brain tumors, patients\u2019 chances of survival will be significantly lowered. Checking the patient\u2019s MRI scans is a common way to detect existing brain tumors. This approach takes a long time and is prone to human mistakes when dealing with large amounts of data and various kinds of brain tumors. In our proposed research, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models were trained to detect the three most prevalent forms of brain tumors, i.e., Glioma, Meningioma, and Pituitary; they were optimized using Aquila Optimizer (AQO), which was used for the initial population generation and modification for the selected dataset, dividing it into 80% for the training set and 20% for the testing set. We used the VGG-16, VGG-19, and Inception-V3 architectures with AQO optimizer for the training and validation of the brain tumor dataset and to obtain the best accuracy of 98.95% for the VGG-19 model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15030571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T03:59:16Z","timestamp":1677038356000},"page":"571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Advanced Deep Learning Approaches for Accurate Brain Tumor Classification in Medical Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5415-2972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amena","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2457-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy Awadallah","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Systems, Sadat Academy for Management Sciences, Cairo 11728, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najah","family":"Alsubaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Immamul","family":"Ansarullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Applications, Govt. Degree College Sumbal, Bandipora, Jammu and Kashmir 193501, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7425-3578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3141-2900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3352-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben Othman","family":"Soufiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Laboratory Research, ISITcom, University of Sousse, Hammam Sousse 4023, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9261-0927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abeer","family":"Saber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Lv, X., Zhang, H., and Liu, B. 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