{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:56:36Z","timestamp":1760147796919,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)","award":["#20K05654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#20K05654"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flexoelectric polarization, which is caused by symmetry breaking in a distortion of material, was investigated in liquid crystalline elastomers composed of wedge-shaped mesogens prepared by cross-linking under horseshoe-shaped deformation. X-ray diffractometry suggested that splay distortion along the depth direction was induced in the pseudo-isotropic phase. While almost no electric charge was observed in the smectic A phase, an electric charge caused by polarization due to the flexoelectric effect appeared and reached \u22121367 pC\/mm2 in the pseudo-isotropic phase. We tentatively conclude that the macroscopic polarization due to the flexoelectric effect emerged and was fixed in the liquid crystalline elastomers by cross-linking under horseshoe-shaped deformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15030616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T03:03:48Z","timestamp":1677639828000},"page":"616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Flexoelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystalline Elastomers Prepared by Cross-Linking under Horseshoe-Shaped Deformation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Hiraoka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science & Sustainable Chemistry, Tokyo Polytechnic University, 1583 Iiyama, Atsugi-shi 243-0297, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Ishihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science & Sustainable Chemistry, Tokyo Polytechnic University, 1583 Iiyama, Atsugi-shi 243-0297, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Minami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science & Sustainable Chemistry, Tokyo Polytechnic University, 1583 Iiyama, Atsugi-shi 243-0297, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiori","family":"Taira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science & Sustainable Chemistry, Tokyo Polytechnic University, 1583 Iiyama, Atsugi-shi 243-0297, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsumi","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science & Sustainable Chemistry, Tokyo Polytechnic University, 1583 Iiyama, Atsugi-shi 243-0297, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Hiejima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science & Sustainable Chemistry, Tokyo Polytechnic University, 1583 Iiyama, Atsugi-shi 243-0297, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.1981.030020413","article-title":"Liquid crystalline elastomers\u2014A new type of liquid crystalline material","volume":"2","author":"Finkelmann","year":"1981","journal-title":"Makromol. 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