{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:56:49Z","timestamp":1760147809085,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019286","name":"Ajman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-IRG-HBS-9","PNURSP2023R106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-IRG-HBS-9","PNURSP2023R106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers","award":["2022-IRG-HBS-9","PNURSP2023R106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-IRG-HBS-9","PNURSP2023R106"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This manuscript presents a simulation study of a track-based analysis of the multiplicity distributions of the primary charged particle compared to experimental measurements in symmetric hadron\u2013hadron collisions acquiring maximum energy for the new particle production. The data are compared to the simulations of EPOS, PYTHIA8, Sibyll, and QGSJET under the same conditions. The event generators in the current study are simple parton-based models that incorporate the Reggie\u2013Gribov theory. The latter is a field theory based on the QCD that uses the mechanism of multiple parton interactions. It has been found that the PYTHIA8 model chases the data well in most of the distributions but depends on the momentum and the requirement of charged particles in a given track, due to its feature-like color reshuffling of quarks and gluons through the color re-connection modes and initial and final state radiations by incorporating the parton showers. The EPOS model could also reproduce some spectral regions and presents a good comparison after the PYTHIA8. All the other models could not produce most of the spectra except for the limited region, which also depends on the analysis\u2019s cuts. Besides the model\u2019s prediction, we used Tsallis\u2013Pareto and Hagedorn functions to fit the aforementioned spectra of the charged particles. The fit is applied to the data and models, and their results are compared. We extract the temperature parameter T01 (effective temperature (Teff)) from the Tsallis\u2013Pareto-kind function and T02 (kinetic freezeout temperature) from the Hagedorn function. The temperatures are affected by pT as well Nch cuts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15030618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T03:03:48Z","timestamp":1677639828000},"page":"618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Simulation Studies of Track-Based Analysis of Charged Particles in Symmetric Hadron\u2013Hadron Collisions at 7 TeV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1258-6910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ajaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4941-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abd Al Karim","family":"Haj Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Science, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haifa I.","family":"Alrebdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6763-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdel-Haleem","family":"Abdel-Aty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Sciences, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 344, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Mateen Ullah","family":"Mian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Adil","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2799-0262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Waqas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, China"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Khubrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Hua-Rong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9231-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atef","family":"AbdelKader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Science, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(95)01436-5","article-title":"Inclusive production of strange particles in pp collisions at s = 630 GeV with UA1","volume":"366","author":"Bocquet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02740917","article-title":"Multiplicities, pT distributions and the expected hadron \u2013> quark-gluon phase transition","volume":"6","author":"Hagedorn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Riv. 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