{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T20:12:11Z","timestamp":1778616731196,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research &amp; Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","award":["IFP22UQU4331317DSR234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFP22UQU4331317DSR234"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The performance, safety, and cycle life of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are all known to be greatly influenced by temperature. In this work, an innovative cooling system is employed with a Reynolds number range of 15,000 to 30,000 to minimize the temperature of LiB cells. The continuity, momentum, and energy equations are solved using the Finite Volume Method (FVM). The computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS Fluent is applied to calculate the flow and temperature fields and to analyze the thermal management system for 52 LiB cells. The arrangement of batteries leads to symmetrical flow and temperature distribution occurring in the upper and lower halves of the battery pack. The impacts of SiO2 distributed in a base fluid (water) are investigated. The results show that SiO2 nanofluid with the highest volume fractions of 5% has the lowest average temperature values at all investigated Reynolds numbers. The innovative cooling system highlights the enhancement of the cooling process by increasing the SiO2 concentrations, leading to the recommendation of the concentration of 5 vol% due to better thermal diffusion resulting from the enhanced effective thermal conductivity. The flow turbulence is increased by increasing the Reynolds number, which significantly enhances the heat transfer process. It is shown that increasing the Re from 15,000 to 22,500 and 30,000 causes increases in the Nu value of roughly 32% and 65%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15030640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T03:32:52Z","timestamp":1677814372000},"page":"640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Efficient Cooling System for Lithium-Ion Battery Cells by Using Different Concentrations of Nanoparticles of SiO2-Water: A Numerical Investigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Husam Abdulrasool","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research, Department of Studies, Planning & Follow-Up, Baghdad 10011, Iraq"},{"name":"Electromechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4440-4598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein","family":"Togun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Thi-Qar, Nassiriya 64001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azher M.","family":"Abed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3641-3996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naef A. A.","family":"Qasem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering and Interdisciplinary Research Center for Aviation & Space Exploration, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3647-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayder I.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Garmian, Kalar 46021, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0255-275X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aissa","family":"Abderrahmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Physique Quantique de la Mati\u00e8re et Mod\u00e9lisation Math\u00e9matique (LPQ3M), University of Mascara, Mascara 29000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0902-950X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamel","family":"Guedri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"El Sayed M.","family":"Tag-ElDin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clet.2022.100543","article-title":"Numerical Investigation of Nanofluids Comprising Different Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Cooling Concentration Photovoltaic Thermal CPVT","volume":"10","author":"Hasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clean. 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