{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T20:12:09Z","timestamp":1775851929054,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the thermal behavior and aerodynamic phenomena in a heated channel with varied rib configurations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Incorporating ribs in such systems enhances heat transfer and increases flow resistance and manufacturing costs. Understanding heat exchanger theory, measurement methods, and numerical calculations are crucial for creating efficient heat exchangers. The current research employs numerical analysis to assess the impact of hybrid ribs on heat transfer enhancement in forward-facing contracting channels (FFS). A two-dimensional forced convection heat transfer simulation under turbulent flow conditions was performed, considering the presence and absence of ribs with dimensions of 1 cm by 1 cm and spaced 11 cm apart. The arrangement of the ribs causes symmetrical temperature and flow distribution after and before each rib. The results demonstrate that the use of hybrid ribs outperforms the use of individual rib configurations in terms of thermal performance. This is due to the distinct flow patterns generated as the fluid passes through each rib. The triangle ribs had a more significant impact on the pressure drop than other rib configurations, while the cross ribs showed a lesser effect. The ribs improve the heat transfer coefficient while increasing the pressure drop, and the values of the Reynolds number were found to be directly proportional to the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop. The study concludes with a qualitative and quantitative analysis demonstrating the accuracy and coherence of the obtained computational results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15030690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T03:46:40Z","timestamp":1678333600000},"page":"690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Numerical Simulation on Heat Transfer Augmentation by Using Innovative Hybrid Ribs in a Forward-Facing Contracting Channel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4440-4598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein","family":"Togun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hamidatou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy and Mechanical Engineering Laboratory (LEMI), University of Boumerdes, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria; <email>s.hamidatou@univ-boumerdes.dz<\/email>"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3647-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayder I.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Garmian, Kalar 46021, Iraq; <email>hayder.i.mohammad@garmian.edu.krd<\/email>"}]},{"given":"Azher. M.","family":"Abed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51001, Iraq; <email>azhermuhson@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq<\/email>"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1562-5209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Husam Abdulrasool","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research, Department of Studies, Planning & Follow-Up, Baghdad 10011, Iraq; <email>hussam2003hussam@yahoo.com<\/email>"},{"name":"Electromechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4161-7539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raad Z.","family":"Homod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oil and Gas Engineering, Basrah University for Oil and Gas, Basra 61004, Iraq; <email>raadahmood@yahoo.com<\/email>"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3117-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Wadi","family":"Al-Fatlawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kufa Najaf, Kufa 54003, Iraq; <email>aliw.alfatlawi@uokufa.edu.iq<\/email>"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7334-1613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohaimen","family":"Al-Thamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq; <email>mohaimen@alayen.edu.iq<\/email>"}]},{"given":"Tuqa","family":"Abdulrazzaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum & Gas Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar 64001, Iraq; <email>tuqa-a@utq.edu.iq<\/email>"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2008.12.015","article-title":"Influence of rib height on the local heat transfer distribution and pressure drop in a square channel with 90\u00b0 continuous and 60\u00b0 V-broken ribs","volume":"29","author":"SriHarsha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. 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