{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T12:01:12Z","timestamp":1777118472219,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","award":["51679215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51679215"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","award":["LGF21E090005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF21E090005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51679215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51679215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LGF21E090005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF21E090005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["51679215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51679215"]}]},{"name":"Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["LGF21E090005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF21E090005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on practical engineering, considering the characteristics of unsymmetrical loading, shallow burying, and weak surrounding rock of the tunnel, MIDAS finite element software is adopted to analyze the influence effect and deformation characteristics of a temporary steel support when the tunnel is excavated by a two-step center diaphragm method (CDM). The simulation results are compared with the field monitoring results. It can be seen that: (1) Affected by the unsymmetrical loading, the settlement of the right spandrel of the tunnel is obvious. The existence of a temporary steel support reduces the settlement of the surrounding rock at the spandrel greatly, making the distribution of principal stress at the spandrel more reasonable. (2) The deformation of the temporary steel support at the upper bench undergoes four stages: convergence, expansion, convergence, and stabilization; and the deformation at the lower bench undergoes five stages: convergence, expansion, convergence, expansion, and stabilization. (3) There is an obvious \u201cbench-type\u201d phenomenon in the principal stress change of the temporary steel support. The analysis results provide a scientific basis and technical guidance for the construction optimization of unsymmetrical loading tunnels using the same support technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15040830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T03:17:35Z","timestamp":1680146255000},"page":"830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Deformation Characteristics Analysis of Temporary Support in Unsymmetrical Loading Tunnel Excavation under Composite Support"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kezhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2576-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhikuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2012.02.010","article-title":"Finite element analysis of long-term surface settlement above a shallow tunnel in soft ground","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tunn. 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