{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:05:40Z","timestamp":1772755540043,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Humans show a population-level preference for using the right hand. The fighting hypothesis is an influential theory that suggests that left-handedness persists because its rarity provides a surprise advantage in fighting interactions, and that left-handedness is less frequent because it has a health cost. However, evidence for the health cost of left-handedness is unsubstantiated, leaving the greater frequency of right-handers unexplained. Research indicates that homicide may have been common in early hominins. We propose that the hand used to hold a weapon by early hominins could have influenced the outcome of a fight, due to the location of the heart and aorta. A left-handed unilateral grip exposes the more vulnerable left hemithorax towards an opponent, whereas a right-hand unilateral grip exposes the less vulnerable right hemithorax. Consequently, right-handed early ancestors, with a preference for using the right forelimb in combat, may have had a lower risk of a mortal wound, and a fighting advantage. This would explain their greater frequency. In accordance with the original fighting hypothesis, we also suggest that left-handed fighters have a surprise advantage when they are rare, explaining their persistence. We discuss evidence for the modified fighting hypothesis, its predictions, and ways to test the theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15040940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T04:53:59Z","timestamp":1681966439000},"page":"940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Why Are Most Humans Right-Handed? The Modified Fighting Hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4164-6513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matz","family":"Larsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Health Promotion Centre, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"The Heart, Lung, and Physiology Clinic, \u00d6rebro University Hospital, 701 85 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7407-362X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid","family":"Schepman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7667-6782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Rodway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2018.06.001","article-title":"Insights into the evolution of lateralization from the insects","volume":"238","author":"Niven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. 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