{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:23:59Z","timestamp":1781195039965,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fundamental Research Grant","award":["# FRGS\/1\/2019\/ICT01\/UKM\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# FRGS\/1\/2019\/ICT01\/UKM\/02\/1"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fundamental Research Grant","award":["# GGPM-2021-040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# GGPM-2021-040"]}]},{"name":"Geran Galakan Penyelidik Muda (GGPM)","award":["# FRGS\/1\/2019\/ICT01\/UKM\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# FRGS\/1\/2019\/ICT01\/UKM\/02\/1"]}]},{"name":"Geran Galakan Penyelidik Muda (GGPM)","award":["# GGPM-2021-040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# GGPM-2021-040"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST), Pakistan","award":["# FRGS\/1\/2019\/ICT01\/UKM\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# FRGS\/1\/2019\/ICT01\/UKM\/02\/1"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST), Pakistan","award":["# GGPM-2021-040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# GGPM-2021-040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Various routing protocols have been developed for wireless ad hoc networks to shift from infrastructure-based networks to self-controlling and self-configurable networks. These ad hoc networks are easy to implement and have plenty of application in the fields of healthcare, transportation, smart cities, etc. Although almost all of the routing protocols work on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model\u2019s network layer, a few routing protocols support routing on the data link layer of the OSI model rather than the conventional one. One of these routing protocols include the Better Approach To Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (BATMAN). Though BATMAN is a comparably new routing protocol and included in the Linux kernel, it suffers from performance deterioration and latency issues that need to be addressed especially in the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper presents a symmetry-based split hop penalty for BATMAN version 4 to improve the network\u2019s performance in multi-hop scenarios. Split hop penalty defines two different sets of penalties to accommodate the routing protocol metric based on the interface media type. The experiments were conducted within the campus building of the university with physical nodes, and the obtained results highlight that overall performance is improved in terms of throughput, latency, and jitter while no performance gain is measured in packet loss and routing loops that are still present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15050969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T06:20:42Z","timestamp":1682317242000},"page":"969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Split Hop Penalty for Transmission Quality Metrics in a Better Approach to Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (BATMAN) for IoT-Based MANET"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3831-1544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Talib Abbas","family":"Jafri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3629-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5496-8303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sundus","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2429-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamaiah","family":"Yahaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Software Technology and Management, Faculty of Information Science and Technology (FTSM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0390-7842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faizan","family":"Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology (FTSM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuriani Hayati","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Software Technology and Management, Faculty of Information Science and Technology (FTSM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Absi, M.A., Al-Absi, A.A., Sain, M., and Lee, H. 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