{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:12:37Z","timestamp":1776744757119,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia","award":["0208-1443-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0208-1443-S"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present research examines the unsteady sensitivity analysis and entropy generation of blood-based silver\u2013titanium dioxide flow in a tilted cylindrical W-shape symmetric stenosis artery. The study considers various factors such as the electric field, joule heating, viscous dissipation, and heat source, while taking into account a two-dimensional pulsatile blood flow and periodic body acceleration. The finite difference method is employed to solve the governing equations due to the highly nonlinear nature of the flow equations, which requires a robust numerical technique. The utilization of the response surface methodology is commonly observed in optimization procedures. Drawing inspiration from drug delivery techniques used in cardiovascular therapies, it has been proposed to infuse blood with a uniform distribution of biocompatible nanoparticles. The figures depict the effects of significant parameters on the flow field, such as the electric field, Hartmann number, nanoparticle volume fraction, body acceleration amplitude, Reynolds number, Grashof number, and thermal radiation, on velocity, temperature (nondimensional), entropy generation, flow rate, resistance to flow, wall shear stress, and Nusselt number. The velocity and temperature profiles improve with higher values of the wall slip parameter. The flow rate profiles increase with an increment in wall velocity but decrease with the Womersley number. Increasing the intensity of radiation and decreasing magnetic fields both result in a decrease in the rate of heat transfer. The blood temperature is higher with the inclusion of hybrid nanoparticles than the unitary nanoparticles. The total entropy generation profiles increase for higher values of the Brickman number and temperature difference parameters. Unitary nanoparticles exhibit a slightly higher total entropy generation than hybrid nanoparticles, particularly when positioned slightly away from the center of the artery. The total entropy production decreases by 17.97% when the thermal radiation is increased from absence to 3. In contrast, increasing the amplitude of body acceleration from 0.5 to 2 results in a significant enhancement of 76.14% in the total entropy production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15061242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T01:28:21Z","timestamp":1686533301000},"page":"1242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Enhancing Heat Transfer in Blood Hybrid Nanofluid Flow with Ag\u2013TiO2 Nanoparticles and Electrical Field in a Tilted Cylindrical W-Shape Stenosis Artery: A Finite Difference Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5022-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebrahem A.","family":"Algehyne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5069-1685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. Ameer","family":"Ahammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"Elnair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Zidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Yasir Y.","family":"Alhusayni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4350-7218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babikir Osman","family":"El-Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1566-6457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anwar","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE), Faculty of Science, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology, Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Ali Saleh","family":"Alshomrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematical Modelling and Applied Computation Research Group (MMAC), Department of Mathematics, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5496-0491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faris","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematical Modelling and Applied Computation Research Group (MMAC), Department of Mathematics, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2023.170354","article-title":"Simulation of combined convective-radiative heat transfer of hybrid nanofluid flow inside an open trapezoidal enclosure considering the magnetic force impacts","volume":"567","author":"Atashafrooz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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