{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:01:00Z","timestamp":1783090860138,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["PNURSP2023R137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R137"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent times, there has been a noticeable increase in the application of human biometrics for user authentication in various domains, such as online banking. However, the use of biometric systems poses security risks and the potential for misuse, primarily due to the storage of original templates in databases. To tackle this issue, the concept of cancelable biometrics has emerged as a reliable method utilizing one-way encryption. Several algorithms have been developed to implement cancelable biometrics, incorporating visual representations of single or multiple biometrics. This research proposes a cancelable biometric system that utilizes deep learning techniques to generate two encrypted modalities, namely text and image, using facial and fingerprint biometrics acquired from a smartphone. The system consists of two main stages: a visual encoder and a text encoder. The visual encoder converts the fingerprint style into a facial representation, creating a cancelable template to ensure the potential for cancelation. The resulting visual template is then processed by the text encoder, which employs hashing techniques to generate a corresponding text template. User authentication is automatically verified by utilizing the generated templates through Siamese networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15071426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:41:05Z","timestamp":1689554465000},"page":"1426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Cancelable Biometric System Based on Deep Style Transfer and Symmetry Check for Double-Phase User Authentication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7651-8362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Sedik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Systems Engineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of the Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A. Abd","family":"El-Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EIAS Data Science Lab, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9349-1985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"El-Affendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EIAS Data Science Lab, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850006","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219467818500067","article-title":"A Survey on Biometrics and Cancelable Biometrics Systems","volume":"18","author":"Choudhury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Graph."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2009.05.004","article-title":"Chaos and NDFT-Based Spread Spectrum Concealing of Fingerprint-Biometric Data into Audio Signals","volume":"20","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3652-3","article-title":"Cancelable Features Using Log-Gabor Filters for Biometric Authentication","volume":"76","author":"Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2015.2427849","article-title":"Biometric Template Protection: Bridging the Performance Gap between Theory and Practice","volume":"32","author":"Nandakumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2014.65","article-title":"Standardization of Biometric Template Protection","volume":"21","author":"Rane","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Multimed."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maiorana, E., Campisi, P., and Neri, A. (2011, January 4\u20137). Bioconvolving: Cancelable Templates for a Multi-Biometrics Signature Recognition System. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Systems Conference, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/SYSCON.2011.5929064"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2016.02.024","article-title":"Biometric Cryptosystems: A New Biometric Key Binding and Its Implementation for Fingerprint Minutiae-Based Representation","volume":"56","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.50.001805","article-title":"Optical Image Encryption Using a Jigsaw Transform for Silhouette Removal in Interference-Based Methods and Decryption with a Single Spatial Light Modulator","volume":"50","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedik, A., El-Latif, A.A.A., Wani, M.A., El-Samie, F.E.A., Bauomy, N.A.-S., and Hashad, F.G. (2023). Efficient Multi-Biometric Secure-Storage Scheme Based on Deep Learning and Crypto-Mapping Techniques. Mathematics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/math11030703"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.32604\/iasc.2023.031386","article-title":"Efficient Hardware Design of a Secure Cancellable Biometric Cryptosystem","volume":"36","author":"Elazm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intell. Autom. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.32604\/csse.2023.024375","article-title":"Optical Ciphering Scheme for Cancellable Speaker Identification System","volume":"45","author":"Elsayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37816","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.466101","article-title":"Cancelable Biometric System for IoT Applications Based on Optical Double Random Phase Encoding","volume":"30","author":"Salama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-021-03398-0","article-title":"Efficient Chaotic-Baker-Map-Based Cancelable Face Recognition","volume":"14","author":"Faragallah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, K., and Hitachi, S.H. (2009, January 28\u201330). Generating Provably Secure Cancelable Fingerprint Templates Based on Correlation-Invariant Random Filtering. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2009.5339047"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756004","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001417560043","article-title":"Cancelable Fingerprint Cryptosystem Using Multiple Spiral Curves and Fuzzy Commitment Scheme","volume":"31","author":"Sandhya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52050","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/322\/5\/052050","article-title":"Design of Cancelable Palmprint Templates Based on Look up Table","volume":"322","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M.A.M., and Tahir, N.M. (2018, January 28\u201329). Cancelable Biometrics Technique for Iris Recognition. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Symposium on Computer Applications & Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE), Penang, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAIE.2018.8405512"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s40745-018-0172-1","article-title":"A Modified Cancelable Biometrics Scheme Using Random Projection","volume":"6","author":"Soliman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Data Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40010-018-0555-x","article-title":"Efficient Cancelable Iris Recognition Scheme Based on Modified Logistic Map","volume":"90","author":"Soliman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India Sect. A Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-018-1591-0","article-title":"A Double Random Phase Encoding Approach for Cancelable Iris Recognition","volume":"50","author":"Soliman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.08.072","article-title":"Fingerprint Recognition Using Zone Based Linear Binary Patterns","volume":"58","author":"Gowthami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Butt, M., and Damer, N. (2014, January 12\u201315). Helper Data Scheme for 2D Cancelable Face Recognition Using Bloom Filters. Proceedings of the IWSSIP 2014 Proceedings, Dubrovnik, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.12.002","article-title":"Cancellable Biometrics and Annotations on Biohash","volume":"41","author":"Teoh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2019.01.039","article-title":"Cancelable Fingerprint Template Design with Randomized Non-Negative Least Squares","volume":"91","author":"Kho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Simonyan, K., and Zisserman, A. (1409). Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, Y., Shelhamer, E., Donahue, J., Karayev, S., Long, J., Girshick, R., Guadarrama, S., and Darrell, T. (2014, January 3\u20137). Caffe: Convolutional Architecture for Fast Feature Embedding. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia, Orlando FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2647868.2654889"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1145\/279232.279236","article-title":"Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B: Fortran Subroutines for Large-Scale Bound-Constrained Optimization","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"1997","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elshazly, E.A., Hashad, F.G., Sedik, A., Abd El-Samie, F.E., and Abdel-Salam, N. (Res. Sq., 2022). Compression-Based Cancelable Multi-Biometric System, Res. Sq., in press.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2241969\/v1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-4280-7","article-title":"A Hybrid Encryption\/Hiding Method for Secure Transmission of Biometric Data in Multimodal Authentication System","volume":"77","author":"Tarif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8695","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-2786-z","article-title":"Chaotic Watermark for Blind Forgery Detection in Images","volume":"75","author":"Benrhouma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.20.000767","article-title":"Optical Image Encryption Based on Input Plane and Fourier Plane Random Encoding","volume":"20","author":"Refregier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2016.10.035","article-title":"Cancellable Iris Template Generation Based on Indexing-First-One Hashing","volume":"64","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"498","article-title":"Pre-Image Resistant Cancelable Biometrics Scheme Using Bidirectional Memory Model","volume":"19","author":"Tarek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Netw. Secur."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Zhu, Z., and Guo, S. (2017, January 12\u201315). A Quality Model for Evaluating Encryption-as-a-Service. Proceedings of the International Conference on Security, Privacy and Anonymity in Computation, Communication and Storage, Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72395-2_51"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Algarni, A.D., El Banby, G.M., Soliman, N.F., El-Samie, F.E.A., and Iliyasu, A.M. (2020). Efficient Implementation of Homomorphic and Fuzzy Transforms in Random-Projection Encryption Frameworks for Cancellable Face Recognition. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9061046"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57001","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1906240","article-title":"Image Encryption by Using Fractional Fourier Transform and Jigsaw Transform in Image Bit Planes","volume":"44","author":"Sinha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Sree, S.R.S., and Radha, N. (2016, January 7\u20139). Cancellable Multimodal Biometric User Authentication System with Fuzzy Vault. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI), Coimbatore, India."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2015.0029","article-title":"Cancellable Fuzzy Vault with Periodic Transformation for Biometric Template Protection","volume":"5","author":"Dang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Biom."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/15\/7\/1426\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:12:42Z","timestamp":1760127162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/15\/7\/1426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["sym15071426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym15071426","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]}}}