{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:29:02Z","timestamp":1760149742792,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32071319","11472062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071319","11472062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Asthma is a common respiratory disease with symptoms such as repeated wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. However, currently, asthma cannot be cured but only controlled or relieved using medication. The metered-dose inhaler (MDI) is known to lead to high deposition fractions of drug particles in the mouth and throat, resulting in inadequate drug efficacy. Therefore, herein, the factors influencing the deposition fraction of asthma drugs in the mouth and throat regions were explored by computational fluid dynamics and a smart MDI for asthma was designed. The smart MDI was designed based on the obtained simulation results, which demonstrated that the deposition fraction gradually increased from 55.78% to 65.75% with an increase in the peak inspiratory flow rate at an angle of incidence of 0\u00b0. The deposition fraction first decreased and then increased as the angle of incidence increased at a constant peak inspiratory flow rate. The deposition fraction increased as the inspiration\u2013press interval time increased at a constant angle of incidence and peak inspiratory flow rate. Meanwhile, performance analysis of the designed smart MDI indicated that the inhaler could effectively reduce the deposition fraction of drugs in the mouth and throat regions by 17% on average.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15091712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T09:51:37Z","timestamp":1694080297000},"page":"1712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of a Smart Metered-Dose Inhaler for Asthma Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213000, China"}]},{"given":"Maoning","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31147-X","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and management of asthma in China: A national cross-sectional study","volume":"394","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, J., Zhang, Q., Li, C., and Lin, J. 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Guide"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/15\/9\/1712\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:46:26Z","timestamp":1760129186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/15\/9\/1712"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["sym15091712"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym15091712","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]}}}