{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T08:06:25Z","timestamp":1782893185480,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51909268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51909268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BX 2021115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX 2021115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["51909268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51909268"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["BX 2021115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX 2021115"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The boundary state significantly influences the soil shear strength. Therefore, it is necessary to overcome the limitations of existing indoor test instruments and determine the differences in the shear properties of granular materials to ensure the economic feasibility and mechanical integrity of engineering structures. In this study, the core formula for the direct shear test was derived from the static balancing analysis of the shear box, the external force on the specimen, and the internal force on the shear surface. Three loading methods were then developed by the staggered state of the upper and lower boxes: the upper box moving shear loading method (UM), the lower box moving shear loading method (LM), and the bidirectional moving shear loading method (BM). Finally, by manipulating the motion boundary, the discrete element method (DEM) was employed to simulate the shear test of granular materials. Among the three loading methods, the order of the peak shear stresses was as follows: UM &gt; BM &gt; LM. Moreover, the order of the sample post-peak stress uniformities was as follows: LM &gt; BM &gt; UM. A shear strength conversion formula was then proposed. The findings of this study promote the advancement of the shear mechanics theory of granular materials in direct shear testing and can serve as a scientific basis for the design and manufacture of shear equipment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15091734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T09:00:52Z","timestamp":1694422852000},"page":"1734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Effect of a Moving Boundary on the Shear Strength of Granular Materials in a Direct Shear Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Defense Engineering, AMS, PLA, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Defense Engineering, AMS, PLA, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxiao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Defense Engineering, AMS, PLA, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Defense Engineering, AMS, PLA, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03497","article-title":"Friction enhances elasticity in granular solids","volume":"435","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1126\/science.255.5051.1523","article-title":"Physics of the granular state","volume":"255","author":"Jaeger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1126\/science.246.4931.796","article-title":"Dynamic pore-pressure fluctuations in rapidly shearing granular materials","volume":"246","author":"Iverson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04749-3","article-title":"Intermittent lab earthquakes in dynamically weakening fault gouge","volume":"606","author":"Rubino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.2007.57.6.513","article-title":"Discrete-continuum analysis of shear banding in the direct shear test","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2004.11.004","article-title":"Fe-simulations of a direct and a true simple shear test within a polar hypoplasticity","volume":"32","author":"Tejchman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. 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