{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:43:38Z","timestamp":1760150618147,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]],"date-time":"2023-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a new structure of the quadrature hybrid coupler (QHC) with compact size is proposed using capacitive composite lines and meandered open stubs. The proposed coupler works at 1.6 GHz with a 0.4 GHz bandwidth, which shows 25% fractional bandwidth (FBW). The proposed QHC occupies only 15 mm \u00d7 15 mm (0.12 \u03bb \u00d7 0.12 \u03bb), while the typical QHC size is 32 mm \u00d7 32 mm (0.25 \u03bb \u00d7 25 \u03bb) at the same working frequency. In the designed structure, two symmetric meandered stubs and two symmetric \u03c0-shaped composite networks including capacitors and microstrip lines are applied together. The designed QHC has a small size and occupies only 22% of the area of the conventional QHC, resulting in a 78% size reduction. The designed prototype has been analyzed, fabricated and tested, and the experimental results verify the simulated and analysis results. The results show a better than 27 dB return loss, more than 28 dB isolation between the output ports and less than 0.4 dB insertion loss at the working frequency of 1600 MHz. With the achieved desirable specifications, the fabricated QHC is a suitable choice for wireless microwave applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15122149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T03:40:58Z","timestamp":1701661258000},"page":"2149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Compact Microwave Quadrature Hybrid Coupler Using Capacitive Composite Lines and Meandered Stubs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5088-499X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sobhan","family":"Roshani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah 6718997551, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2724-5118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salah I.","family":"Yahya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication and Computer Engineering, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Koya University, Koya 46017, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1584-8747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maher","family":"Assaad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6063-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Akmal","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9925-673X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fawwaz","family":"Hazzazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11492, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7121-495X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yazeed Yasin","family":"Ghadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Software Engineering and Computer Science Department, Al Ain University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"given":"Sarmad M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah 6718997551, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4024-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Roshani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah 6718997551, Iran"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roshani, S., Yahya, S.I., Roshani, S., Farahmand, A.H., and Hemmati, S. (2022). Design of a modified compact coupler with unwanted harmonics suppression for L-band applications. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11111747"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roshani, S., Yahya, S.I., Roshani, S., and Rostami, M. 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