{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:10:44Z","timestamp":1792789844246,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04434\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04434\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04434\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04434\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/FIS-AST\/0054\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/FIS-AST\/0054\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this review article, we revisit the topic of baryogenesis, which is the physical process that generated the observed baryon asymmetry during the first stages of the primordial Universe. A viable theoretical explanation to understand and investigate the mechanisms underlying baryogenesis must always ensure that the Sakharov criteria are fulfilled. These essentially state the following: (i) baryon number violation; (ii) the violation of both C (charge conjugation symmetry) and CP (the composition of parity and C); (iii) and the departure from equilibrium. Throughout the years, various mechanisms have been proposed to address this issue, and here we review two of the most important, namely, electroweak baryogenesis (EWB) and Grand Unification Theories (GUTs) baryogenesis. Furthermore, we briefly explore how a change in the theory of gravity affects the EWB and GUT baryogenesis by considering Scalar\u2013Tensor Theories (STT), where the inclusion of a scalar field mediates the gravitational interaction, in addition to the metric tensor field. We consider specific STT toy models and show that a modification of the underlying gravitational theory implies a change in the time\u2013temperature relation of the evolving cosmological model, thus altering the conditions that govern the interplay between the rates of the interactions generating baryon asymmetry, and the expansion rate of the Universe. Therefore, the equilibrium of the former does not exactly occur as in the general relativistic standard model, and there are consequences for the baryogenesis mechanisms that have been devised. This is representative of the type of modifications of the baryogenesis processes that are to be found when considering extended theories of gravity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T10:53:52Z","timestamp":1703156032000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Baryogenesis: A Symmetry Breaking in the Primordial Universe Revisited"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"David S.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edif\u00edcio C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edif\u00edcio C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9388-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco S. N.","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edif\u00edcio C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edif\u00edcio C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9758-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 P.","family":"Mimoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edif\u00edcio C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edif\u00edcio C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peebles, P.J.E. (2020). Principles of Physical Cosmology, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.23943\/princeton\/9780691209814.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liddle, A.R., and Lyth, D.H. (2000). Cosmological Inflation and Large Scale Structure, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139175180"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Dodelson, S. (2003). Modern Cosmology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2020\/03\/010","article-title":"Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis after Planck","volume":"03","author":"Fields","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhanov, V. (2005). Physical Foundations of Cosmology, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511790553"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newar.2022.101659","article-title":"Challenges for \u039bCDM: An update","volume":"95","author":"Perivolaropoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Astron. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L11","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201937211","article-title":"Primordial nucleosynthesis with varying fundamental constants: Improved constraints and a possible solution to the Lithium problem","volume":"633","author":"Clara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Particle physics and inflationary cosmology","volume":"5","author":"Linde","year":"1990","journal-title":"Contemp. Concepts Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nucl.49.1.35","article-title":"Recent progress in baryogenesis","volume":"49","author":"Riotto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1","DOI":"10.1086\/320251","article-title":"Big bang nucleosynthesis predictions for precision cosmology","volume":"552","author":"Burles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/377253","article-title":"First year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations: Preliminary maps and basic results","volume":"148","author":"Bennett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2005.08.006","article-title":"R-parity violating supersymmetry","volume":"420","author":"Barbier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2010.07.001","article-title":"The Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model","volume":"496","author":"Ellwanger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2004.08.032","article-title":"The Soft supersymmetry breaking Lagrangian: Theory and applications","volume":"407","author":"Chung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.56.1281","article-title":"Cosmology of supersymmetric models with low-energy gauge mediation","volume":"56","author":"Moroi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0550-3213(85)90021-5","article-title":"A New Mechanism for Baryogenesis","volume":"249","author":"Affleck","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0550-3213(95)00538-2","article-title":"Baryogenesis from flat directions of the supersymmetric standard model","volume":"458","author":"Dine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(86)91126-3","article-title":"Baryogenesis without Grand Unification","volume":"174","author":"Fukugita","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.45.455","article-title":"Baryogenesis via leptogenesis","volume":"45","author":"Luty","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2008.06.002","article-title":"Leptogenesis","volume":"466","author":"Davidson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aop.2004.02.003","article-title":"Leptogenesis for pedestrians","volume":"315","author":"Buchmuller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.48.1437","article-title":"Reheating an Inflationary Universe","volume":"48","author":"Albrecht","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(91)91711-4","article-title":"Spontaneous baryogenesis at the weak phase transition","volume":"263","author":"Cohen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.201301","article-title":"Gravitational baryogenesis","volume":"93","author":"Davoudiasl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nucl-050520-125911","article-title":"Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter: Recent Developments","volume":"70","author":"Carr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"005","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2019\/05\/005","article-title":"Melanopogenesis: Dark Matter of (almost) any Mass and Baryonic Matter from the Evaporation of Primordial Black Holes weighing a Ton (or less)","volume":"5","author":"Morrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa3726","article-title":"Primordial black holes from the QCD epoch: Linking dark matter, baryogenesis and anthropic selection","volume":"501","author":"Carr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Bellido, J., Carr, B., and Clesse, S. (2021). Primordial Black Holes and a Common Origin of Baryons and Dark Matter. Universe, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/universe8010012"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2021\/08\/021","article-title":"Baryogenesis from ultralight primordial black holes and strong gravitational waves from cosmic strings","volume":"8","author":"Datta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015986011295","article-title":"Quantum cosmological perfect fluid models","volume":"34","author":"Alvarenga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gen. Rel. Grav."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063529","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.102.063529","article-title":"Baryogenesis in cosmological models with symmetric and asymmetric quantum bounces","volume":"102","author":"Delgado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ns.43.120193.000331","article-title":"Progress in electroweak baryogenesis","volume":"43","author":"Cohen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125003","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/14\/12\/125003","article-title":"Electroweak baryogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Morrissey","year":"2012","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.4290","article-title":"GUT baryogenesis after preheating","volume":"77","author":"Kolb","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.93.035004","article-title":"Baryogenesis from the weak scale to the grand unification scale","volume":"93","author":"Bodeker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"32","article-title":"Violation of CP Invariance, C asymmetry, and baryon asymmetry of the universe","volume":"5","author":"Sakharov","year":"1967","journal-title":"Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avelino, P., Barreiro, T., Carvalho, C.S., da Silva, A., Lobo, F.S.N., Martin-Moruno, P., Mimoso, J.P., Nunes, N.J., Rubiera-Garcia, D., and Saez-Gomez, D. (2016). Unveiling the Dynamics of the Universe. Symmetry, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym8080070"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01807638","article-title":"Second-order scalar-tensor field equations in a four-dimensional space","volume":"10","author":"Horndeski","year":"1974","journal-title":"Int. J. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.124.925","article-title":"Mach\u2019s principle and a relativistic theory of gravitation","volume":"124","author":"Brans","year":"1961","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00668828","article-title":"Comments on the scalar tensor theory","volume":"1","author":"Bergmann","year":"1968","journal-title":"Int. J. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.1.3209","article-title":"Scalar tensor theory and gravitational waves","volume":"1","author":"Wagoner","year":"1970","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1086\/150607","article-title":"PostNewtonian metric for a general class of scalar tensor gravitational theories and observational consequences","volume":"161","author":"Nordtvedt","year":"1970","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harko, T., and Lobo, F.S.N. (2018). Extensions of f(R) Gravity: Curvature-Matter Couplings and Hybrid Metric-Palatini Theory, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108645683"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saridakis, E., Lazkoz, R., Salzano, V., Moniz, P., Capozziello, S., Jimenez, J., Laurentis, M.D., Olmo, G., Akrami, Y., and Bahamonde, S. (2021). Modified Gravity and Cosmology: An Update by the CANTATA Network, Springer. CANTATA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83715-0"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wald, R.M. (1984). General Relativity, Chicago University Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226870373.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Weinberg, S. (1972). Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernstein, J. (1988). Kinetic Theory in the Expanding Universe, Cambridge University Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511564185"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Early Universe","volume":"69","author":"Kolb","year":"1990","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L37","DOI":"10.1086\/185717","article-title":"A Preliminary measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background spectrum by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite","volume":"354","author":"Mather","year":"1990","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063778810050091","article-title":"Introduction to Cosmology","volume":"73","author":"Dolgov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Atom. Nucl."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorbunov, D.S., and Rubakov, V.A. (2011). Introduction to the Theory of the Early Universe: Cosmological Perturbations and Inflationary Theory, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.","DOI":"10.1142\/7873"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubakov, V.A., and Gorbunov, D.S. (2017). Introduction to the Theory of the Early Universe: Hot Big Bang Theory, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.","DOI":"10.1142\/10447"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.14.3432","article-title":"Computation of the quantum effects due to a four-dimensional pseudoparticle","volume":"14","year":"1976","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.36.581","article-title":"Sphalerons, Small Fluctuations and Baryon Number Violation in Electroweak Theory","volume":"36","author":"Arnold","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"529","article-title":"Weinberg model in the hot universe","volume":"15","author":"Kirzhnits","year":"1972","journal-title":"JETP Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(72)90109-8","article-title":"Macroscopic Consequences of the Weinberg Model","volume":"42","author":"Kirzhnits","year":"1972","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.9.3320","article-title":"Symmetry Behavior at Finite Temperature","volume":"9","author":"Dolan","year":"1974","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.9.3357","article-title":"Gauge and Global Symmetries at High Temperature","volume":"9","author":"Weinberg","year":"1974","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.53.2930","article-title":"Nonlocal electroweak baryogenesis. Part 1: Thin wall regime","volume":"53","author":"Joyce","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.53.2958","article-title":"Nonlocal electroweak baryogenesis. Part 2: The Classical regime","volume":"53","author":"Joyce","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5632(00)00324-8","article-title":"Hard thermal loops and the sphaleron rate on the lattice","volume":"83","author":"Bodeker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Quiros, M. (1999). Finite temperature field theory and phase transitions. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.42.2127","article-title":"Exact Computation of the Small Fluctuation Determinant Around a Sphaleron","volume":"42","author":"Carson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.28.2019","article-title":"Topology in the Weinberg-Salam theory","volume":"28","author":"Manton","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.30.2212","article-title":"A saddle-point solution in the Weinberg-Salam theory","volume":"30","author":"Klinkhamer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3884","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.48.3884","article-title":"Electroweak bubbles and sphalerons","volume":"48","author":"Brihaye","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.46.3587","article-title":"Sphalerons at finite mixing angle","volume":"46","author":"Kunz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044","DOI":"10.1088\/1126-6708\/2002\/01\/044","article-title":"A Way to reopen the window for electroweak baryogenesis","volume":"01","author":"Servant","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. High Energy Phys."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6022","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.57.6022","article-title":"Turning around the sphaleron bound: Electroweak baryogenesis in an alternative postinflationary cosmology","volume":"57","author":"Joyce","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.32.438","article-title":"Unity of All Elementary Particle Forces","volume":"32","author":"Georgi","year":"1974","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.11.566","article-title":"Left-Right Gauge Symmetry and an Isoconjugate Model of CP Violation","volume":"11","author":"Mohapatra","year":"1975","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4916(75)90211-0","article-title":"Unified Interactions of Leptons and Hadrons","volume":"93","author":"Fritzsch","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2019.00076","article-title":"GUT Physics in the era of the LHC","volume":"7","author":"Croon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052007","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.72.052007","article-title":"Search for nucleon decay via modes favored by supersymmetric grand unification models in Super-Kamiokande-I","volume":"72","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trodden, M., and Carroll, S.M. (2004). TASI Lectures: Introduction to Cosmology. Theoretical Advanced Study Institutes in elementary particle physics (TASI) at the University of Colorado at Boulder. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812562128_0011"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.22.2953","article-title":"Evolution of Cosmological Baryon Asymmetries","volume":"22","author":"Fry","year":"1980","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Will, C.M. (2018). Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"019","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2023\/11\/019","article-title":"Superstring cosmology\u2014A complementary review","volume":"11","author":"Brandenberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, M.B., Schwarz, J.H., and Witten, E. (2012). Superstring Theory Vol. 1: 25th Anniversary Edition, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139248570"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.50.3746","article-title":"Perfect fluid scalar\u2014Tensor cosmologies","volume":"50","author":"Barrow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bento, M.C., Bertolami, O., Mour\u00e3o, M., and Picken, R.F. (1992). Classical and Quantum Gravity, Proceedings of the 1st Iberian Meeting on Gravity, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814535861"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Mimoso, J.P. (1994). Cosmological Models of the Early Universe. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sussex]."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.51.477","article-title":"Massless fields in scalar\u2014Tensor cosmologies","volume":"51","author":"Mimoso","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02743602","article-title":"Vacuum-field solutions in the Brans-Dicke theory","volume":"7","author":"Hanlon","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nuovo Cim. B"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/16\/1\/13\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:39:58Z","timestamp":1760132398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/16\/1\/13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["sym16010013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym16010013","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]}}}