{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:36:52Z","timestamp":1760143012032,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program","award":["2021YFF0502200","52108381","YCIC-YF-2022-08","YCIC-YF-2022-15","202205AF150015","CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0808","22dz1201202","21dz1200601","20dz1201404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0502200","52108381","YCIC-YF-2022-08","YCIC-YF-2022-15","202205AF150015","CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0808","22dz1201202","21dz1200601","20dz1201404"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFF0502200","52108381","YCIC-YF-2022-08","YCIC-YF-2022-15","202205AF150015","CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0808","22dz1201202","21dz1200601","20dz1201404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0502200","52108381","YCIC-YF-2022-08","YCIC-YF-2022-15","202205AF150015","CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0808","22dz1201202","21dz1200601","20dz1201404"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Project of YCIC Group Co., Ltd.","award":["2021YFF0502200","52108381","YCIC-YF-2022-08","YCIC-YF-2022-15","202205AF150015","CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0808","22dz1201202","21dz1200601","20dz1201404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0502200","52108381","YCIC-YF-2022-08","YCIC-YF-2022-15","202205AF150015","CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0808","22dz1201202","21dz1200601","20dz1201404"]}]},{"name":"Academician and Expert Workstation of Yunnan Province","award":["2021YFF0502200","52108381","YCIC-YF-2022-08","YCIC-YF-2022-15","202205AF150015","CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0808","22dz1201202","21dz1200601","20dz1201404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0502200","52108381","YCIC-YF-2022-08","YCIC-YF-2022-15","202205AF150015","CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0808","22dz1201202","21dz1200601","20dz1201404"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["2021YFF0502200","52108381","YCIC-YF-2022-08","YCIC-YF-2022-15","202205AF150015","CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0808","22dz1201202","21dz1200601","20dz1201404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0502200","52108381","YCIC-YF-2022-08","YCIC-YF-2022-15","202205AF150015","CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0808","22dz1201202","21dz1200601","20dz1201404"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Committee Program","award":["2021YFF0502200","52108381","YCIC-YF-2022-08","YCIC-YF-2022-15","202205AF150015","CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0808","22dz1201202","21dz1200601","20dz1201404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0502200","52108381","YCIC-YF-2022-08","YCIC-YF-2022-15","202205AF150015","CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0808","22dz1201202","21dz1200601","20dz1201404"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The exploration of fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs usually involves hydraulic fracturing to maximize recovery. At present, effectively communicating natural discontinuities is a technical challenge. In this article, we investigated the origin and propagation of cracks in fractured-vuggy reservoirs using discrete element hydraulic fracturing simulations that included poromechanical effects. A particular focus on the microscopic force-displacement symmetry of adjacent pore pressures is introduced. Our results demonstrate that the poromechanical effect significantly increases the strength of overpressurized reservoir formations. Moreover, the effect of injected fluid viscosity on the hydraulic fracturing effectiveness was studied through two simulation tests. The outcomes highlight the critical influence of fluid viscosity on the propagation of micro-cracks in overpressure fractured-vuggy reservoirs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16010105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T11:15:01Z","timestamp":1705317301000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A New Symmetry-Enhanced Simulation Approach Considering Poromechanical Effects and Its Application in the Hydraulic Fracturing of a Carbonate Reservoir"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5674-0321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanrui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"CNRS, LaMcube UMR9013, University of Lille, Centrale Lille, 59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Highway and Architectural Engineering, Yunnan Communications Vocational and Technical College, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9387-2307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongkai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broadvision Engineering Consultants, Kunming 650041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broadvision Engineering Consultants, Kunming 650041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiying","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2017.03.037","article-title":"Fracture and Vug Characterization and Carbonate Rock Type Automatic Classification Using X-ray CT Images","volume":"153","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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