{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T14:46:29Z","timestamp":1778769989884,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explores the use of superluminal ionization fronts to accelerate and amplify electromagnetic radiation. These fronts are defined as optical boundaries between two regions of a gas, the neutral region and the plasma region, characterized by two different values of the refractive index. For that reason, the front velocity is not necessarily related to the motion of material particles, such as neutral atoms, ions and electrons, which can stay at rest. The fronts can therefore become superluminal without violating causality. In recent years, different experimental configurations, such as the flying focus, showed that it is possible to create superluminal fronts in the laboratory. These fronts can easily be described theoretically in a special reference frame, called the time frame, which is used here. In this frame, superluminal fronts reduce to time refraction, a process that is symmetrical to the well-known optical refraction. It is shown that propagation through such fronts can lead to considerable frequency shifts and energy amplification of probe laser beams. This could eventually be used to develop new sources of tunable radiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16010112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T03:50:56Z","timestamp":1705549856000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Photon Acceleration by Superluminal Ionization Fronts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8951-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Tito","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/IPFN, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. 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