{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T18:45:16Z","timestamp":1784918716266,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["509922606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["509922606"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main challenge in magnetic drug targeting lies in steering the magnetic particles, especially in deeper body layers. For this purpose, linear Halbach arrays are currently in focus. However, to the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, the impact of the magnetization angle between two neighboring magnets in Halbach arrays has not been investigated for particle steering so far. Therefore, in this paper, a systematic numerical parameter study of varying the magnetization angle of linear Halbach arrays is conducted. This is completed by undertaking a typical magnetic drug targeting scenario, where magnetic particles have to be steered in an optimized manner. This includes the calculation of the magnetic flux density, its gradient, the total magnetic energy, and the resulting magnetic force based on a fitting function for the different Halbach constellations in the context of examining their potential for predicting the particle distribution. In general, increased magnetization angles result in an increased effective range of the magnetic force. However, as there is a trade-off between a weak force on the weak side of the array and a simple manufacturing process, a magnetization angle of 90\u2218 is recommended. For evaluating the steering performance, a numerical or experimental evaluation of the particle distribution is mandatory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16020148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1706259361000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["How the Magnetization Angle of a Linear Halbach Array Influences Particle Steering in Magnetic Drug Targeting\u2014A Systematic Evaluation and Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6681-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika S.","family":"Thalmayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electronics Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Cauerstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kilian","family":"G\u00f6tz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electronics Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Cauerstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4033-2005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electronics Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Cauerstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MCS.2012.2189052","article-title":"Towards Control of Magnetic Fluids in Patients: Directing Therapeutic Nanoparticles to Disease Locations","volume":"32","author":"Nacev","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Control Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1109\/OJNANO.2023.3273921","article-title":"Magnetic Nanoparticles Mediated Thrombolysis\u2014A Review","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. 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