{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:07:15Z","timestamp":1773011235042,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51774192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51774192"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZR2022QE134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022QE134"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["51774192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51774192"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2022QE134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022QE134"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>After the repeated freezing and dissolution of fractured rock masses in cold regions, the liquid present in the pores undergoes a water\u2013ice phase transition, resulting in frost heave forces and damage to the internal structure of the rock mass. This causes the rock masses to continuously develop new cracks, which further expand and connect, leading to rock mass failure and ultimately reducing the overall stability of the rock mass in engineering projects. In this study, uniaxial compression tests, direct shear tests, and Brazilian splitting tests were conducted on rock after freeze\u2013thaw cycles (FTCs), and the changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the rock under freeze\u2013thaw conditions were obtained (this study used raw rock from an engineering project and processed it into symmetrical jointed rock samples). The roughness of the shear fracture surfaces was analyzed through 3D cross-sectional scanning experiments. Using statistical damage theory, the mechanism of freeze\u2013thaw damage was analyzed, and a constitutive model for freeze\u2013thaw rock damage was established. The research results can provide a theoretical basis and support for engineering safety and stability in cold regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16020234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T11:18:46Z","timestamp":1707909526000},"page":"234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Research on Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass with Tiny Cracks under FTCs Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yin-Ge","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1312-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An-Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9203-3058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"517","article-title":"Methods of determining rock mass freezing depth for shaft sinking in difficult hydrogeological and geotechnical conditions","volume":"59","author":"Duda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. 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