{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T13:44:34Z","timestamp":1768830274446,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministero dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca (M.U.R.)","award":["RM120172B77EE5F8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM120172B77EE5F8"]}]},{"name":"Ministero dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca (M.U.R.)","award":["RM122181675BD4-FF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM122181675BD4-FF"]}]},{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome","award":["RM120172B77EE5F8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM120172B77EE5F8"]}]},{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome","award":["RM122181675BD4-FF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM122181675BD4-FF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The golden ratio, also known as Phi (\u03d5 \u2248 1.618034), attracted the interest of mathematicians, artists, and intellectuals for many centuries, probably from when it was discovered in human anthropometry. Even in recent times, researchers found the presence of the golden ratio in Renaissance paintings and aesthetic preferences. The reasons behind the fascination with the golden ratio remain unclear, but it has been suggested that stimuli containing this proportion are often perceived as beautiful. However, evidence is conflicting, and the literature struggles to establish the existence of individual preferences for the golden ratio. To gain new insights into the nature of these preferences, one hundred participants completed an implicit association task, with either golden ratio or random stimuli presented with positive or negative words. Participants initially categorized the stimuli based on their assigned categories. Then, we assessed their explicit preferences by asking them to rate the stimuli in terms of pleasantness and by completing a line bisection task and the Ultimatum Game. The results revealed the typical effects observed in implicit association tasks, with improved response times and accuracy when golden ratio stimuli were associated with positive word categories. In contrast, explicit ratings yielded mixed results. We discuss our findings in relation to previous studies that have explored this issue, highlighting the ongoing debate surrounding preferences for the golden ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16030333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T06:05:30Z","timestamp":1710137130000},"page":"333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Implicit and Explicit Preferences for Golden Ratio"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0764-1460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Salera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Vallebella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2434-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Iosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Smart Lab, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9139-5295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pecchinenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2018.01.001","article-title":"Phi in physiology, psychology and biomechanics: The golden ratio between myth and science","volume":"165","author":"Iosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22580","article-title":"More than a neuroanatomical representation in The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo Buonarroti, a representation of the Golden Ratio","volume":"28","author":"Malysz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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