{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:53:39Z","timestamp":1760144019230,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":269,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mechanism of brain information processing unfolds within spatial and temporal domains inherently linked to the concept of space\u2013time symmetry. Biological evolution, beginning with the prevalent molecular chirality, results in the handedness of human cognitive and psychological functions (the phenomena known as biochirality). The key element in the chain of chirality transfer from the downstream to upstream processes is the pyramidal neuron (PyrN) morphology\u2013function paradigm (archetype). The most apparent landmark of PyrNs is the geometry of the cell soma. However, \u201cwhy\/how PyrN\u2019s soma gains the shape of quasi-tetrahedral symmetry\u201d has never been explicitly articulated. Resolving the above inquiry is only possible based on the broad-view assumption that encoding 3D space requires specific 3D geometry of the neuronal detector and corresponding network. Accordingly, our hypothesis states that if the primary function of PyrNs, at the organism level, is sensory space symmetry perception, then the pyramidal shape of soma is the best evolutionary-selected geometry to support sensory-motor coupling. The biological system\u2019s non-equilibrium (NE) state is fundamentally linked to an asymmetric, non-racemic, steady state of molecular constituents. The chiral theory of pyramidal soma shape conceptually agrees that living systems have evolved as non-equilibrium systems that exchange energy with the environment. The molecular mechanism involved in developing PyrN\u2019s soma is studied in detail. However, the crucial missing element\u2014the reference to the fundamental link between molecular chirality and the function of spatial navigation\u2014is the main obstacle to resolving the question in demand: why did PyrNs\u2019 soma gain the shape of quasi-tetrahedral symmetry?<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16030355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T09:32:30Z","timestamp":1710495150000},"page":"355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Enigma of Pyramidal Neurons: Chirality-Centric View on Biological Evolution. Congruence to Molecular, Cellular, Physiological, Cognitive, and Psychological Functions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Victor Vasilyevich","family":"Dyakin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (NKI), Head of Virtual Reality Perception Lab (VRPL), 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Bldg.35, Rom 201-C, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA"}]},{"given":"Nika Viktorovna","family":"Dyakina-Fagnano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child, Adolescent and Young Adult Psychiatry, 36 Franklin Turnpike, Waldwick, NJ 07463, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Michael, G., John, S., and Witten, E. (2012). Superstring Theory. Vol. 2: Loop Amplitudes, Anomalies and Phenomenology, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Shi, L., Yue, H., and Gao, G. (2020). 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